[CI] Discover Rust coverage artifacts from build metadata

Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <codex@openai.com>
[CI] Simplify Rust coverage reporting
2026-07-23 06:44:16 +00:00 · 2026-07-22 08:18:14 +00:00 · 2026-07-22 02:58:45 +00:00 · 2026-07-21 13:57:38 +00:00 · 2026-07-21 13:34:22 +00:00 · 2026-07-21 13:01:56 +00:00
92 changed files with 1925 additions and 839 deletions
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ PYO3_PYTHON_VERSION="${PYO3_PYTHON_VERSION:-3.12}"
 CARGO_SORT_VERSION_REQ="${CARGO_SORT_VERSION_REQ:-2}"
 CARGO_DENY_VERSION_REQ="${CARGO_DENY_VERSION_REQ:-0.20}"
 CARGO_NEXTEST_VERSION_REQ="${CARGO_NEXTEST_VERSION_REQ:-0.9}"
+CARGO_LLVM_COV_VERSION="${CARGO_LLVM_COV_VERSION:-0.8.7}"

 log_section() {
  echo "--- $*"
@@ -106,6 +107,18 @@ install_cargo_nextest() {
    "cargo-nextest@${CARGO_NEXTEST_VERSION_REQ}"
 }

+install_cargo_llvm_cov() {
+  log_section "Installing cargo-llvm-cov ${CARGO_LLVM_COV_VERSION}"
+  local toolchain
+  toolchain="$(rust_toolchain)"
+  rustup component add --toolchain "$toolchain" llvm-tools-preview
+  cargo binstall \
+    --no-confirm \
+    --force \
+    --secure \
+    "cargo-llvm-cov@${CARGO_LLVM_COV_VERSION}"
+}
+
 install_uv() {
  log_section "Installing uv ${UV_VERSION}"
  curl -L --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf \
@@ -176,14 +189,41 @@ run_tests() {
  setup_pyo3_python
  install_cargo_binstall
  install_cargo_nextest
+  install_cargo_llvm_cov

-  log_section "Running cargo nextest"
-  cargo nextest run \
+  log_section "Running cargo nextest with Rust coverage"
+  mkdir -p artifacts
+  export LLVM_PROFILE_FILE_NAME="vllm-rust-unit-%4m.profraw"
+  cargo llvm-cov clean \
+    --manifest-path rust/Cargo.toml \
+    --profraw-only
+
+  set +e
+  cargo llvm-cov nextest \
    --manifest-path rust/Cargo.toml \
    --workspace \
    --all-features \
    --locked \
-    --no-fail-fast
+    --no-fail-fast \
+    --no-clean \
+    --lcov \
+    --output-path artifacts/rust-unit.lcov \
+    --ignore-filename-regex='/\.cargo/(registry|git)/|/rustc/|/target/'
+  local coverage_rc=$?
+
+  local upload_rc=0
+  if [[ $coverage_rc -eq 0 ]]; then
+    # shellcheck source=.buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+    source .buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+    rust_coverage_upload artifacts/rust-unit.lcov rust-unit
+    upload_rc=$?
+  fi
+  set -e
+
+  if [[ $coverage_rc -ne 0 ]]; then
+    return "$coverage_rc"
+  fi
+  return "$upload_rc"
 }

 install_protoc
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+RUST_CODECOV_VERSION="v11.3.1"
+RUST_CODECOV_SHA256="ca1d64196d2d34771084afe76ea657d581bf628e31d993ff8e52ea09cc88a56d"
+
+rust_coverage_repo_root() {
+    if [ -f /vllm-workspace/.buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh ]; then
+        printf '%s\n' /vllm-workspace
+    elif [ -n "${BUILDKITE_BUILD_CHECKOUT_PATH:-}" ] \
+        && [ -d "$BUILDKITE_BUILD_CHECKOUT_PATH" ]; then
+        printf '%s\n' "$BUILDKITE_BUILD_CHECKOUT_PATH"
+    else
+        git rev-parse --show-toplevel
+    fi
+}
+
+rust_coverage_start() {
+    RUST_COVERAGE_FLAG=${1:?coverage flag is required}
+    RUST_COVERAGE_DIR="/tmp/vllm-rust-coverage/${BUILDKITE_JOB_ID:-local}"
+    export RUST_COVERAGE_FLAG RUST_COVERAGE_DIR
+    mkdir -p "$RUST_COVERAGE_DIR"
+    LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="$RUST_COVERAGE_DIR/rust-%4m.profraw"
+    export LLVM_PROFILE_FILE
+    trap rust_coverage_finalize 0
+}
+
+rust_coverage_objects() {
+    rust_cov_objects_manifest="$(dirname "$(command -v llvm-cov)")/../objects"
+    python3 - "$rust_cov_objects_manifest" <<'PY'
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys
+
+for relative in Path(sys.argv[1]).read_text().splitlines():
+    for entry in sys.path:
+        path = Path(entry or ".").resolve() / relative
+        if path.is_file():
+            print(path)
+            break
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"installed Rust coverage object was not found: {relative}")
+PY
+}
+
+rust_coverage_collect() {
+    rust_cov_collect_flag=${1:?coverage flag is required}
+    rust_cov_collect_lcov="$RUST_COVERAGE_DIR/$rust_cov_collect_flag.lcov"
+
+    rust_cov_collect_objects=$(rust_coverage_objects) || return 1
+    rust_cov_collect_primary=
+    set --
+    while IFS= read -r rust_cov_collect_object; do
+        if [ -z "$rust_cov_collect_primary" ]; then
+            rust_cov_collect_primary=$rust_cov_collect_object
+        else
+            set -- "$@" "--object=$rust_cov_collect_object"
+        fi
+    done <<EOF
+$rust_cov_collect_objects
+EOF
+
+    llvm-profdata merge \
+        -sparse \
+        "$RUST_COVERAGE_DIR"/*.profraw \
+        -o "$RUST_COVERAGE_DIR/merged.profdata" || return 1
+    llvm-cov export \
+        "$rust_cov_collect_primary" \
+        "$@" \
+        --format=lcov \
+        --instr-profile="$RUST_COVERAGE_DIR/merged.profdata" \
+        --ignore-filename-regex='/\.cargo/(registry|git)/|/rustc/|/target/' \
+        > "$rust_cov_collect_lcov" || return 1
+    RUST_COVERAGE_LCOV=$rust_cov_collect_lcov
+    export RUST_COVERAGE_LCOV
+}
+
+rust_coverage_upload() {
+    rust_cov_upload_lcov=${1:?LCOV path is required}
+    rust_cov_upload_flag=${2:?coverage flag is required}
+    rust_cov_upload_repo_root=$(rust_coverage_repo_root) || return 1
+
+    if [ "$(uname -m)" != "x86_64" ]; then
+        echo "Rust coverage upload currently supports x86_64 CI agents" >&2
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    rust_cov_upload_codecov_dir=$(mktemp -d /tmp/codecov-bin.XXXXXX) \
+        || return 1
+    curl -fsSL \
+        "https://github.com/codecov/codecov-cli/releases/download/${RUST_CODECOV_VERSION}/codecovcli_linux" \
+        -o "$rust_cov_upload_codecov_dir/codecov" || return 1
+    echo "$RUST_CODECOV_SHA256  $rust_cov_upload_codecov_dir/codecov" \
+        | sha256sum -c - || return 1
+    chmod +x "$rust_cov_upload_codecov_dir/codecov" || return 1
+
+    rust_cov_upload_slug="vllm-project/vllm"
+    if [ -n "${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST:-}" ] \
+        && [ "${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST}" != "false" ] \
+        && [ -n "${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST_REPO:-}" ]; then
+        rust_cov_upload_slug=$(echo "$BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST_REPO" \
+            | sed -E 's#(git@|https?://)([^/:]+)[:/]([^/]+/[^/.]+)(\.git)?$#\3#')
+        case "$rust_cov_upload_slug" in
+            */*) ;;
+            *) rust_cov_upload_slug="vllm-project/vllm" ;;
+        esac
+    fi
+
+    rust_cov_upload_branch=${BUILDKITE_BRANCH:?BUILDKITE_BRANCH is required}
+    if [ -z "${CODECOV_TOKEN:-}" ]; then
+        # Codecov accepts tokenless public uploads on unprotected branch names.
+        # A colon-separated prefix keeps feature-branch and fork uploads from
+        # requiring a repository secret.
+        if [ -n "${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST:-}" ] \
+            && [ "${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST}" != "false" ]; then
+            rust_cov_upload_branch="pr${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST}:$rust_cov_upload_branch"
+        else
+            rust_cov_upload_branch="buildkite:$rust_cov_upload_branch"
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    set --
+    set -- "$@" upload-process
+    set -- "$@" --file "$rust_cov_upload_lcov"
+    # LCOV paths are mapped server-side by codecov.yml. Skip the CLI's local
+    # source-line fix scanning, which is unrelated to path mapping.
+    set -- "$@" --disable-search --disable-file-fixes
+    set -- "$@" --fail-on-error --git-service github
+    set -- "$@" --build "${BUILDKITE_BUILD_NUMBER:?BUILDKITE_BUILD_NUMBER is required}"
+    set -- "$@" --branch "$rust_cov_upload_branch"
+    set -- "$@" --sha "${BUILDKITE_COMMIT:?BUILDKITE_COMMIT is required}"
+    set -- "$@" --slug "$rust_cov_upload_slug"
+    set -- "$@" --flag "$rust_cov_upload_flag"
+    set -- "$@" --name "${rust_cov_upload_flag}-${BUILDKITE_JOB_ID:?BUILDKITE_JOB_ID is required}"
+    set -- "$@" --dir "$rust_cov_upload_repo_root"
+    set -- "$@" --network-root-folder "$rust_cov_upload_repo_root"
+    if [ -n "${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST:-}" ] \
+        && [ "${BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST}" != "false" ]; then
+        set -- "$@" --pr "$BUILDKITE_PULL_REQUEST"
+    fi
+
+    rust_cov_upload_log="$rust_cov_upload_codecov_dir/codecov.log"
+    # E2E steps run from tests/, so execute from the repository root to resolve
+    # codecov.yml and repository paths consistently.
+    (
+        cd "$rust_cov_upload_repo_root" || exit 1
+        "$rust_cov_upload_codecov_dir/codecov" "$@"
+    ) >"$rust_cov_upload_log" 2>&1
+    rust_cov_upload_rc=$?
+    cat "$rust_cov_upload_log"
+    # v11.3.1 can log API failures while returning zero even with
+    # --fail-on-error. Preserve the strict CI contract explicitly.
+    if grep -aEq 'error.* -- ' "$rust_cov_upload_log"; then
+        echo "Codecov CLI reported an upload error" >&2
+        rust_cov_upload_rc=1
+    fi
+    rm -rf "$rust_cov_upload_codecov_dir"
+    return "$rust_cov_upload_rc"
+}
+
+rust_coverage_finalize() {
+    rust_cov_finalize_test_rc=$?
+    trap - 0
+    set +e
+
+    rust_coverage_collect "$RUST_COVERAGE_FLAG"
+    rust_cov_finalize_collect_rc=$?
+
+    rust_cov_finalize_upload_rc=0
+    if [ "$rust_cov_finalize_collect_rc" -eq 0 ]; then
+        rust_coverage_upload "$RUST_COVERAGE_LCOV" "$RUST_COVERAGE_FLAG"
+        rust_cov_finalize_upload_rc=$?
+    fi
+
+    find "$RUST_COVERAGE_DIR" -type f -name '*.profraw' -delete
+
+    if [ "$rust_cov_finalize_test_rc" -ne 0 ]; then
+        exit "$rust_cov_finalize_test_rc"
+    fi
+    if [ "$rust_cov_finalize_collect_rc" -ne 0 ]; then
+        exit "$rust_cov_finalize_collect_rc"
+    fi
+    exit "$rust_cov_finalize_upload_rc"
+}
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ steps:
  working_dir: "/vllm-workspace/tests"
  source_file_dependencies:
  - rust/
+  - build_rust.sh
+  - tools/build_rust.py
+  - rust-toolchain.toml
+  - .buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+  - codecov.yml
  - vllm/benchmarks/
  - vllm/entrypoints/openai/
  - vllm/entrypoints/serve/
@@ -23,6 +28,7 @@ steps:
  - tests/entrypoints/openai/test_uds.py
  - tests/v1/sample/test_logprobs_e2e.py
  commands:
+  - . /vllm-workspace/.buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh && rust_coverage_start rust-e2e
  - export VLLM_USE_RUST_FRONTEND=1
  - export VLLM_WORKER_MULTIPROC_METHOD=spawn
  - pytest -v -s benchmarks/test_serve_cli.py -k "not insecure and not (test_bench_serve and not test_bench_serve_chat)"
@@ -43,6 +49,11 @@ steps:
  working_dir: "/vllm-workspace/tests"
  source_file_dependencies:
  - rust/
+  - build_rust.sh
+  - tools/build_rust.py
+  - rust-toolchain.toml
+  - .buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+  - codecov.yml
  - vllm/entrypoints/openai/
  - vllm/entrypoints/serve/
  - vllm/v1/engine/
@@ -54,6 +65,7 @@ steps:
  # - tests/entrypoints/serve/dev/test_sleep.py
  - tests/entrypoints/serve/tokenize/test_tokenization.py
  commands:
+  - . /vllm-workspace/.buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh && rust_coverage_start rust-e2e
  - export VLLM_USE_RUST_FRONTEND=1
  - export VLLM_WORKER_MULTIPROC_METHOD=spawn
  - PYTHONPATH=/vllm-workspace pytest -v -s entrypoints/serve/dev/rpc/test_collective_rpc.py
@@ -72,10 +84,16 @@ steps:
  working_dir: "/vllm-workspace/tests"
  source_file_dependencies:
  - rust/
+  - build_rust.sh
+  - tools/build_rust.py
+  - rust-toolchain.toml
+  - .buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+  - codecov.yml
  - vllm/entrypoints/openai/
  - tests/utils.py
  - tests/entrypoints/openai/correctness/test_lmeval.py
  commands:
+  - . /vllm-workspace/.buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh && rust_coverage_start rust-e2e
  - export VLLM_USE_RUST_FRONTEND=1
  - export VLLM_WORKER_MULTIPROC_METHOD=spawn
  - pytest -s entrypoints/openai/correctness/test_lmeval.py::test_lm_eval_accuracy_v1_engine
@@ -86,11 +104,17 @@ steps:
  working_dir: "/vllm-workspace/tests"
  source_file_dependencies:
  - rust/
+  - build_rust.sh
+  - tools/build_rust.py
+  - rust-toolchain.toml
+  - .buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+  - codecov.yml
  - vllm/entrypoints/openai/
  - vllm/tool_parsers/
  - tests/utils.py
  - tests/tool_use/
  commands:
+  - . /vllm-workspace/.buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh && rust_coverage_start rust-e2e
  - export VLLM_USE_RUST_FRONTEND=1
  - export VLLM_WORKER_MULTIPROC_METHOD=spawn
  - pytest -v -s tool_use --ignore=tool_use/mistral --models llama3.2 -k "not test_response_format_with_tool_choice_required and not test_parallel_tool_calls_false and not test_tool_call_and_choice"
@@ -101,6 +125,11 @@ steps:
  working_dir: "/vllm-workspace/tests"
  source_file_dependencies:
  - rust/
+  - build_rust.sh
+  - tools/build_rust.py
+  - rust-toolchain.toml
+  - .buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+  - codecov.yml
  - vllm/distributed/
  - vllm/engine/
  - vllm/executor/
@@ -111,6 +140,7 @@ steps:
  - tests/v1/distributed/test_hybrid_lb_dp.py
  - tests/v1/distributed/test_internal_lb_dp.py
  commands:
+  - . /vllm-workspace/.buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh && rust_coverage_start rust-e2e
  - export VLLM_USE_RUST_FRONTEND=1
  - export VLLM_WORKER_MULTIPROC_METHOD=spawn
  - export NCCL_CUMEM_HOST_ENABLE=0
@@ -26,5 +26,7 @@ steps:
  - rust-toolchain.toml
  - .buildkite/test_areas/rust_frontend_cargo.yaml
  - .buildkite/scripts/run-rust-frontend-cargo-ci.sh
+  - .buildkite/scripts/rust-coverage.sh
+  - codecov.yml
  commands:
  - .buildkite/scripts/run-rust-frontend-cargo-ci.sh test
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@

 # Rust Frontend
 /rust/ @BugenZhao @njhill
+/rust/src/bench @esmeetu
 /build_rust.sh @BugenZhao @njhill
 /rust-toolchain.toml @BugenZhao @njhill
 /.buildkite/test_areas/rust* @BugenZhao @njhill
@@ -257,3 +257,4 @@ vllm/grpc/vllm_engine_pb2.pyi

 # Ignore generated cpu headers 
 csrc/cpu/cpu_attn_dispatch_generated.h
+rust-coverage-tools/
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ vLLM is flexible and easy to use with:
 - Tool calling and reasoning parsers
 - OpenAI-compatible API server, plus Anthropic Messages API and gRPC support
 - Efficient multi-LoRA support for dense and MoE layers
- Support for NVIDIA GPUs, AMD GPUs, and x86/ARM/PowerPC CPUs. Additionally, diverse hardware plugins such as Google TPUs, Intel Gaudi, IBM Spyre, Huawei Ascend, Rebellions NPU, Apple Silicon, MetaX GPU, and more.
+- Support for NVIDIA GPUs, AMD GPUs, Intel GPUs, and x86/ARM/PowerPC CPUs. Additionally, diverse hardware plugins such as Google TPUs, Intel Gaudi, IBM Spyre, Huawei Ascend, Rebellions NPU, Apple Silicon, MetaX GPU, and more.

 vLLM seamlessly supports 200+ model architectures on Hugging Face, including:

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 set -euo pipefail

 REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+CARGO_LLVM_COV_VERSION="0.8.7"
+COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR="$REPO_ROOT/rust-coverage-tools"

 # Read the required toolchain from rust-toolchain.toml.
 TOOLCHAIN=$(grep '^channel' "$REPO_ROOT/rust-toolchain.toml" | sed 's/.*= *"\(.*\)"/\1/')
@@ -30,4 +32,39 @@ else
    PROFILE_ARG="--release"
 fi

+rm -rf "$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR"
+mkdir -p "$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR/bin" "$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR/lib"
+
+if [[ "${VLLM_RUST_COVERAGE:-0}" == "1" ]]; then
+    # rustc wrapper flags are invisible to Cargo's normal fingerprinting.
+    # Keep instrumented intermediates isolated when local builds switch modes.
+    export CARGO_TARGET_DIR="$REPO_ROOT/rust/target/coverage"
+    rustup component add --toolchain "$TOOLCHAIN" llvm-tools-preview
+    cargo +"$TOOLCHAIN" install \
+        --locked \
+        --version "$CARGO_LLVM_COV_VERSION" \
+        cargo-llvm-cov
+
+    eval "$(
+        cargo +"$TOOLCHAIN" llvm-cov show-env \
+            --manifest-path "$REPO_ROOT/rust/Cargo.toml" \
+            --sh
+    )"
+
+    # Build scripts and proc macros can run during compilation. Their profiles
+    # are unrelated to runtime coverage and would otherwise pollute the tree.
+    export LLVM_PROFILE_FILE=/dev/null
+    export VLLM_RUST_COVERAGE_OBJECTS="$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR/objects"
+fi
+
 python3 "$REPO_ROOT/tools/build_rust.py" "$PROFILE_ARG"
+
+if [[ "${VLLM_RUST_COVERAGE:-0}" == "1" ]]; then
+    LLVM_BIN_DIR="$(dirname "$(rustup run "$TOOLCHAIN" rustc \
+        --print target-libdir)")/bin"
+
+    cp "$LLVM_BIN_DIR"/{llvm-cov,llvm-profdata} "$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR/bin/"
+    chmod 0755 "$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR/bin/"*
+    cp -L "$LLVM_BIN_DIR"/../lib/libLLVM.so* "$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR/lib/"
+    chmod 0644 "$COVERAGE_TOOLS_DIR/lib/"*
+fi
@@ -10,3 +10,16 @@ fixes:
  - "/usr/local/lib/python3.*/site-packages/vllm/::vllm/"
  - "/usr/lib/python3.*/dist-packages/vllm/::vllm/"
  - "/usr/lib/python3.*/site-packages/vllm/::vllm/"
+  # Map Rust sources built in the E2E image and on Buildkite agents.
+  - "/workspace/rust/::rust/"
+  - "/var/lib/buildkite-agent/.*/rust/::rust/"
+
+flags:
+  rust-unit:
+    paths:
+      - rust/
+    carryforward: false
+  rust-e2e:
+    paths:
+      - rust/
+    carryforward: false
@@ -102,7 +102,9 @@ class TileGemm82 {
    kv_cache_t* __restrict__ curr_b = b_tile;

    for (int32_t k = 0; k < dynamic_k_size; ++k) {
-      auto [fp32_b_0_reg, fp32_b_1_reg] = load_b_pair_vec(curr_b);
+      auto fp32_b_regs = load_b_pair_vec(curr_b);
+      auto fp32_b_0_reg = fp32_b_regs.first;
+      auto fp32_b_1_reg = fp32_b_regs.second;

      float* __restrict__ curr_m_a = curr_a;
      vec_op::unroll_loop<int32_t, M>([&](int32_t i) {
@@ -294,6 +294,9 @@ FROM base AS rust-build
 ARG BUILD_OS
 ARG USE_SCCACHE
 ARG SCCACHE_ENDPOINT
+# Temporary default for the initial CI validation. Set this back to 0 when
+# ci-infra passes VLLM_RUST_COVERAGE=1 explicitly.
+ARG VLLM_RUST_COVERAGE=1

 # Install native tools needed only for Rust/protoc builds.
 RUN if [ "${BUILD_OS}" = "manylinux" ]; then \
@@ -902,6 +905,14 @@ COPY ./vllm/collect_env.py .
 # note that this uses vllm installed by `pip`
 FROM vllm-base AS test

+COPY --from=rust-build \
+    /workspace/rust-coverage-tools/ \
+    /opt/vllm-rust-coverage/
+
+ENV PATH=/opt/vllm-rust-coverage/bin:${PATH}
+ENV LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/vllm-rust-coverage/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
+ENV LLVM_PROFILE_FILE=/dev/null
+
 ADD . /vllm-workspace/

 ARG PYTHON_VERSION
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@
    "TORCH_CUDA_ARCH_LIST": {
      "default": "7.5 8.0 8.6 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0"
    },
+    "VLLM_RUST_COVERAGE": {
+      "default": "1"
+    },
    "MAX_JOBS": {
      "default": "2"
    },
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Currently, there are no pre-built XPU wheels.

 - First, install required [driver](https://dgpu-docs.intel.com/driver/installation.html#installing-gpu-drivers).
 - Second, install Python packages for vLLM XPU backend building (Intel OneAPI dependencies are installed automatically as part of `torch-xpu`, see [PyTorch XPU get started](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/get_start_xpu.html)):
- Start from vllm-xpu-kernels v0.1.10, we recommend user upgrade driver to [compute runtime 26.18](https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/tag/26.14.37833.4) release, to avoid potential compatibility issue.
+- Start from vllm-xpu-kernels v0.1.10, we recommend user upgrade driver to [compute runtime 26.18](https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/tag/26.18.38308.1) release, to avoid potential compatibility issue.

 ```bash
 git clone https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm.git
@@ -58,7 +58,40 @@ VLLM_TARGET_DEVICE=xpu pip install --no-build-isolation -e . -v
 --8<-- [end:build-wheel-from-source]
 --8<-- [start:pre-built-images]

-Currently, we release prebuilt XPU images at docker [hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/intel/vllm/tags) based on vLLM released version. For more information, please refer release [note](https://github.com/intel/ai-containers/blob/main/vllm).
+vLLM offers official Docker images for deployment.
+The images can be used to run OpenAI compatible server and are available on Docker Hub as [vllm/vllm-openai-xpu](https://hub.docker.com/r/vllm/vllm-openai-xpu/tags).
+
+- `vllm/vllm-openai-xpu:latest` — stable release, available starting from v0.26.0
+- `vllm/vllm-openai-xpu:nightly` — preview build from the latest development branch, use this if you want the latest features and fixes
+
+```bash
+docker run --rm \
+    --network=host \
+    --device /dev/dri:/dev/dri \
+    -v /dev/dri/by-path:/dev/dri/by-path \
+    -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/root/.cache/huggingface \
+    --env "HF_TOKEN=$HF_TOKEN" \
+    --ipc=host \
+    --privileged \
+    vllm/vllm-openai-xpu:<tag> \
+    --model Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B
+```
+
+To use the docker image as base for development, you can launch it in interactive session through overriding the entrypoint.
+
+???+ console "Commands"
+    ```bash
+    docker run --rm -it \
+        --network=host \
+        --device /dev/dri:/dev/dri \
+        -v /dev/dri/by-path:/dev/dri/by-path \
+        -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/root/.cache/huggingface \
+        --env "HF_TOKEN=$HF_TOKEN" \
+        --ipc=host \
+        --privileged \
+        --entrypoint /bin/bash \
+        vllm/vllm-openai-xpu:<tag>
+    ```

 --8<-- [end:pre-built-images]
 --8<-- [start:build-image-from-source]
@@ -65,6 +65,15 @@ This guide will help you quickly get started with vLLM to perform:
    !!! tip
        A nightly Docker image is also available as [vllm/vllm-openai-rocm:nightly](https://hub.docker.com/r/vllm/vllm-openai-rocm/tags) for testing the latest development builds.

+=== "Intel GPU"
+
+    vLLM supports Intel GPUs through the XPU backend. Pre-built XPU wheels will be available soon.
+
+    Official Docker images for Intel GPUs are added to the vLLM release starting from v0.26.0. Nightly Docker image is also available as [vllm/vllm-openai-xpu:nightly](https://hub.docker.com/r/vllm/vllm-openai-xpu/tags).
+
+    !!! tip
+        For more detailed instructions, including building from source and Docker image setup, please refer to the [GPU installation guide](installation/gpu.md) and select the "Intel XPU" tab.
+
 === "Google TPU"

    To run vLLM on Google TPUs, you need to install the `vllm-tpu` package.
@@ -3446,7 +3446,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "base64 0.22.1",
 "bytes",
 "encoding_rs",
- "futures-channel",
 "futures-core",
 "futures-util",
 "h2",
@@ -4876,6 +4875,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures-core",
 "pin-project-lite",
 "tokio",
+ "tokio-util",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -4937,9 +4937,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tonic"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.14.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fec7c61a0695dc1887c1b53952990f3ad2e3a31453e1f49f10e75424943a93ec"
+checksum = "ac2a5518c70fa84342385732db33fb3f44bc4cc748936eb5833d2df34d6445ef"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "axum",
@@ -4966,9 +4966,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tonic-build"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.14.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1882ac3bf5ef12877d7ed57aad87e75154c11931c2ba7e6cde5e22d63522c734"
+checksum = "c68f61875ac5293cf72e6c8cf0158086428c82c37229e98c840878f1706b0322"
 dependencies = [
 "prettyplease",
 "proc-macro2",
@@ -4977,10 +4977,23 @@ dependencies = [
 ]

 [[package]]
-name = "tonic-prost"
-version = "0.14.5"
+name = "tonic-health"
+version = "0.14.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a55376a0bbaa4975a3f10d009ad763d8f4108f067c7c2e74f3001fb49778d309"
+checksum = "fcfab99db777fba2802f0dfa861d1628d1ae916fb199d29819941f139ae85082"
+dependencies = [
+ "prost",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-stream",
+ "tonic",
+ "tonic-prost",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tonic-prost"
+version = "0.14.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "50849f68853be452acf590cde0b146665b8d507b3b8af17261df47e02c209ea0"
 dependencies = [
 "bytes",
 "prost",
@@ -4989,9 +5002,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tonic-prost-build"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.14.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3144df636917574672e93d0f56d7edec49f90305749c668df5101751bb8f95a"
+checksum = "654e5643eff75d7f8c99197ce1440ed19a3474eada74c12bbac488b2cafdae27"
 dependencies = [
 "prettyplease",
 "proc-macro2",
@@ -5484,10 +5497,13 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "thiserror-ext",
 "tiktoken-rs 0.9.1",
 "tokenizers",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
 "url",
 "uuid",
 ]
@@ -5730,6 +5746,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "tokio-stream",
 "tokio-util",
 "tonic",
+ "tonic-health",
 "tonic-prost",
 "tonic-prost-build",
 "tower",
@@ -118,10 +118,11 @@ tokio = { version = "1.47.1", features = [
 tokio-openssl = "0.6"
 tokio-stream = "0.1"
 tokio-util = { version = "0.7.18", features = ["rt"] }
-tonic = "0.14.5"
-tonic-build = "0.14.5"
-tonic-prost = "0.14.5"
-tonic-prost-build = "0.14.5"
+tonic = "0.14.6"
+tonic-build = "0.14.6"
+tonic-health = "0.14.6"
+tonic-prost = "0.14.6"
+tonic-prost-build = "0.14.6"
 tool-parser = "1.2.0"
 tower = { version = "0.5.3", features = ["util"] }
 tower-http = { version = "0.6.8", features = ["cors", "trace"] }
@@ -20,16 +20,19 @@ mimalloc.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
 rand_distr.workspace = true
 rayon.workspace = true
-reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "stream", "blocking", "http2"] }
+reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "stream", "http2"] }
 rlimit.workspace = true
 rustc-hash.workspace = true
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["rc"] }
 serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["raw_value"] }
 thiserror.workspace = true
+thiserror-ext.workspace = true
 tiktoken-rs.workspace = true
 tokenizers.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
 url.workspace = true
 uuid.workspace = true

@@ -158,9 +158,10 @@ impl PoolingBackend {
                // (mirrors Python async_request_vllm_rerank).
                if let Some(ref list) = input.prompt_list {
                    if list.len() < 2 {
-                        eprintln!(
-                            "WARNING: vllm-rerank request has no documents \
-                             (prompt_list needs [query, doc, ...])"
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            backend = "vllm-rerank",
+                            inputs = list.len(),
+                            "rerank request has no documents"
                        );
                    }
                    let query = list.first().map(|s| s.as_ref()).unwrap_or("");
@@ -175,10 +176,10 @@ impl PoolingBackend {
                    // Legacy path: text prompt as query, documents via --extra-body.
                    let query = input.prompt.as_ref();
                    if query.is_empty() && input.prompt_token_ids.is_some() {
-                        eprintln!(
-                            "WARNING: vllm-rerank received empty query (random dataset uses \
-                             token IDs only). Use --dataset-name random-rerank for meaningful \
-                             rerank benchmarks."
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            backend = "vllm-rerank",
+                            dataset = "random",
+                            "rerank request has an empty query; use the random-rerank dataset"
                        );
                    }
                    serde_json::json!({
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

 use indicatif::{ProgressBar, ProgressStyle};
+use thiserror_ext::AsReport as _;
 use tokio::sync::Semaphore;

 use crate::backends::{RequestFuncInput, RequestFuncOutput, get_backend};
@@ -72,12 +73,12 @@ pub fn pre_resolve_dns(
            v4.extend(v6);
            if !v4.is_empty() {
                let ips: Vec<_> = v4.iter().map(|a| a.ip()).collect();
-                println!("Pre-resolved {host} -> {ips:?}");
+                tracing::info!(host, addresses = ?ips, "pre-resolved benchmark endpoint DNS");
                builder = builder.resolve_to_addrs(host, &v4);
            }
        }
        Err(e) => {
-            eprintln!("Warning: DNS pre-resolution for '{host}' failed: {e}");
+            tracing::warn!(host, error = %e.as_report(), "failed to pre-resolve benchmark endpoint DNS");
        }
    }

@@ -346,10 +347,14 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
    let (model_id, model_name) = if let Some(ref m) = config.model {
        (m.clone(), config.model_name.clone())
    } else {
-        println!("Model not specified, fetching first model from server...");
+        tracing::info!(base_url = %config.base_url, "fetching first model from server");
        let (name, id) =
            get_first_model_from_server(&config.base_url, &client, &config.extra_headers).await?;
-        println!("First model name: {name}, first model id: {id}");
+        tracing::info!(
+            model_name = name,
+            model_id = id,
+            "selected first model from server"
+        );
        (id, Some(name))
    };

@@ -358,10 +363,10 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
        None
    } else {
        let tid = config.tokenizer_id.as_deref().unwrap_or(&model_id);
-        println!("Loading tokenizer: {tid}");
+        tracing::info!(tokenizer = tid, "loading tokenizer");
        let server_info = Some((config.base_url.as_str(), model_id.as_str()));
-        let t = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer(tid, config.trust_remote_code, server_info)?;
-        println!("Tokenizer loaded successfully.");
+        let t =
+            crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer(tid, config.trust_remote_code, server_info).await?;
        Some(t)
    };
    let has_tokenizer = tokenizer.is_some();
@@ -421,7 +426,12 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
            config.num_prompts, config.random_batch_size, config.is_reranker,
        ),
    };
-    println!("Generating {dataset_label}...");
+    tracing::info!(
+        dataset = ?config.dataset_name,
+        prompts = config.num_prompts,
+        description = %dataset_label,
+        "generating benchmark dataset"
+    );
    let gen_start = Instant::now();

    let mut input_requests = match config.dataset_name {
@@ -472,7 +482,7 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
            let path = match config.dataset_path.as_deref() {
                Some(p) => p,
                None => {
-                    downloaded = crate::datasets::sharegpt::download_sharegpt_dataset()?;
+                    downloaded = crate::datasets::sharegpt::download_sharegpt_dataset().await?;
                    downloaded.as_str()
                }
            };
@@ -512,7 +522,8 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
                None => {
                    downloaded = crate::datasets::speed_bench::download_speed_bench(
                        config.speed_bench_config,
-                    )?;
+                    )
+                    .await?;
                    downloaded.as_str()
                }
            };
@@ -543,7 +554,8 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
                    config.hf_subset.as_deref(),
                    config.hf_split.as_deref(),
                    config.num_prompts,
-                )?;
+                )
+                .await?;
            crate::datasets::hf_dataset::load_hf_dataset(
                tok,
                &downloaded_path,
@@ -608,18 +620,19 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
    };

    let gen_elapsed = gen_start.elapsed();
-    println!(
-        "Generated {} prompts in {:.2}s",
-        input_requests.len(),
-        gen_elapsed.as_secs_f64()
+    tracing::info!(
+        prompts = input_requests.len(),
+        elapsed_seconds = gen_elapsed.as_secs_f64(),
+        "generated benchmark dataset"
    );

    let filtered_count =
        filter_requests_by_max_model_len(&mut input_requests, config.max_model_len);
    if filtered_count > 0 {
-        println!(
-            "Filtered {filtered_count} prompt(s) above --max-model-len {}.",
-            config.max_model_len.unwrap()
+        tracing::info!(
+            filtered_prompts = filtered_count,
+            max_model_len = config.max_model_len.unwrap(),
+            "filtered prompts above maximum model length"
        );
    }
    if input_requests.is_empty() {
@@ -670,7 +683,7 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {

    // Ready check
    if config.ready_check_timeout_sec > 0 {
-        println!("Starting initial single prompt test run...");
+        tracing::info!("starting initial single-prompt test run");
        let test_output = wait_for_endpoint(
            config.backend,
            &client,
@@ -685,7 +698,7 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
                test_output.error
            )));
        }
-        println!("Initial test run completed.");
+        tracing::info!("initial single-prompt test run completed");
    }

    // Verify and fix prompt token lengths against the server's /tokenize endpoint.
@@ -703,12 +716,15 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
        DatasetName::Random | DatasetName::PrefixRepetition
    );
    if verifiable_dataset && has_token_ids && !config.backend.is_pooling() {
-        println!("Using prompt_token_ids, skipping server-side tokenizer verification.");
+        tracing::info!(
+            reason = "prompt_token_ids",
+            "skipping server tokenizer verification"
+        );
    }
    if verifiable_dataset && !has_token_ids && !config.backend.is_pooling() {
        let cache_key = tokenizer_verify_cache_key(&config.base_url, &model_id);
        if is_tokenizer_verified(&cache_key) {
-            println!("Tokenizer verified in previous run (cached), skipping verification.");
+            tracing::info!(reason = "cached", "skipping server tokenizer verification");
        } else {
            let num_special =
                tokenizer.as_ref().map(|t| t.num_special_tokens_to_add()).unwrap_or(0);
@@ -723,14 +739,17 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
            .await?
            {
                SampleVerifyOutcome::Passed => {
-                    println!("Sample verification passed, skipping full verification.");
+                    tracing::info!("tokenizer sample verification passed");
                    mark_tokenizer_verified(&cache_key);
                }
                SampleVerifyOutcome::Skipped(reason) => {
-                    println!("Server /tokenize unavailable ({reason}), skipping verification.");
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        reason = %reason,
+                        "server tokenizer unavailable; skipping prompt verification"
+                    );
                }
                SampleVerifyOutcome::Mismatch => {
-                    println!("Sample verification found mismatch, running full verify+fix...");
+                    tracing::warn!("tokenizer sample mismatch; verifying and fixing all prompts");
                    match verify_and_fix_prompt_lengths(
                        &client,
                        &config.base_url,
@@ -742,16 +761,16 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
                    .await
                    {
                        Ok(()) => {
-                            println!(
-                                "All {} prompts verified: exact token length match.",
-                                input_requests.len()
+                            tracing::info!(
+                                prompts = input_requests.len(),
+                                "verified exact prompt token lengths"
                            );
                            mark_tokenizer_verified(&cache_key);
                        }
                        Err(BenchError::TokenizeUnavailable(reason)) => {
-                            println!(
-                                "Server /tokenize became unavailable during verification \
-                                 ({reason}); proceeding with client-side token counts."
+                            tracing::warn!(
+                                reason = %reason,
+                                "server tokenizer became unavailable; using client token counts"
                            );
                        }
                        Err(e) => return Err(e),
@@ -763,7 +782,7 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {

    // Warmup
    if config.num_warmups > 0 {
-        println!("Warming up with {} requests...", config.num_warmups);
+        tracing::info!(requests = config.num_warmups, "starting benchmark warmup");
        run_warmup(
            config.backend,
            &client,
@@ -776,7 +795,7 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
            config.disable_tqdm,
        )
        .await;
-        println!("Warmup run completed.");
+        tracing::info!(requests = config.num_warmups, "benchmark warmup completed");
    }

    // Start profiler if requested (immediate mode — no batch threshold)
@@ -814,28 +833,22 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
    let spec_decode_before =
        fetch_spec_decode_metrics(&config.base_url, &client, &config.extra_headers).await;
    if spec_decode_before.is_some() {
-        println!("Speculative decoding detected, will collect metrics.");
+        tracing::info!("detected speculative decoding; collecting metrics");
    }

    // Main benchmark
-    println!("Starting main benchmark run...");
    let distribution = if config.burstiness == 1.0 {
        "Poisson process"
    } else {
        "Gamma distribution"
    };
-    println!(
-        "Traffic request rate: {}",
-        if config.request_rate.is_infinite() {
-            "inf".to_string()
-        } else {
-            format!("{}", config.request_rate)
-        }
-    );
-    println!("Burstiness factor: {} ({distribution})", config.burstiness);
-    println!(
-        "Maximum request concurrency: {}",
-        config.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(config.num_prompts)
+    tracing::info!(
+        request_rate = config.request_rate,
+        burstiness = config.burstiness,
+        distribution,
+        max_concurrency = config.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(config.num_prompts),
+        prompts = config.num_prompts,
+        "starting main benchmark run"
    );

    // Pre-assign LoRA adapters to each request (None when --lora-modules not set).
@@ -847,11 +860,11 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
    );
    if let (Some(modules), Some(_)) = (config.lora_modules.as_ref(), lora_assignments.as_ref()) {
        let names: Vec<&str> = modules.iter().map(|s| s.as_ref()).collect();
-        println!(
-            "LoRA adapters ({}): {:?} [assignment={:?}]",
-            modules.len(),
-            names,
-            config.lora_assignment
+        tracing::info!(
+            adapters = modules.len(),
+            names = ?names,
+            assignment = ?config.lora_assignment,
+            "assigned LoRA adapters"
        );
    }

@@ -1125,7 +1138,7 @@ pub async fn run_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
    if let Some((cancel_tx, task)) = profile_task {
        let _ = cancel_tx.send(());
        if let Err(e) = task.await {
-            eprintln!("WARNING: Profile background task failed: {e}");
+            tracing::error!(error = %e.as_report(), "profiler background task failed");
        }
    }

@@ -1289,12 +1302,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_profiler_immediate(
    base_url: &str,
    extra_headers: &Option<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>>,
 ) {
-    println!("Starting profiler...");
    let profile_url = format!("{base_url}/start_profile");
+    tracing::info!(url = %profile_url, "starting profiler");
    match send_profile_request(client, &profile_url, extra_headers).await {
-        Ok(true) => println!("Profiler started"),
-        Ok(false) => eprintln!("WARNING: Profiler start request returned non-success"),
-        Err(e) => eprintln!("WARNING: Failed to start profiler: {e}"),
+        Ok(true) => tracing::info!(url = %profile_url, "profiler started"),
+        Ok(false) => tracing::warn!(url = %profile_url, "profiler start request was unsuccessful"),
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::warn!(url = %profile_url, error = %e.as_report(), "failed to start profiler")
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -1304,12 +1319,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn stop_profiler_immediate(
    base_url: &str,
    extra_headers: &Option<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>>,
 ) {
-    println!("Stopping profiler...");
    let profile_url = format!("{base_url}/stop_profile");
+    tracing::info!(url = %profile_url, "stopping profiler");
    match send_profile_request(client, &profile_url, extra_headers).await {
-        Ok(true) => println!("Profiler stopped"),
-        Ok(false) => eprintln!("WARNING: Profiler stop request returned non-success"),
-        Err(e) => eprintln!("WARNING: Failed to stop profiler: {e}"),
+        Ok(true) => tracing::info!(url = %profile_url, "profiler stopped"),
+        Ok(false) => tracing::warn!(url = %profile_url, "profiler stop request was unsuccessful"),
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::warn!(url = %profile_url, error = %e.as_report(), "failed to stop profiler")
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -1371,25 +1388,30 @@ pub(crate) async fn profile_on_batch_threshold(
    duration_secs: f64,
    mut cancel_rx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<()>,
 ) {
-    println!(
-        "Waiting for batch size >= {threshold} before starting profiler \
-         (will capture {duration_secs}s)..."
+    tracing::info!(
+        threshold,
+        duration_seconds = duration_secs,
+        "waiting for profiler batch threshold"
    );

    loop {
        if let Some(running) = fetch_num_requests_running(client, base_url).await
            && running >= threshold
        {
-            println!("Batch size {running} >= {threshold}, starting profiler...");
+            tracing::info!(
+                running_requests = running,
+                threshold,
+                "profiler batch threshold reached"
+            );
            break;
        }
        // Wait 500ms or until the benchmark signals cancellation
        tokio::select! {
            _ = tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(500)) => {}
            _ = &mut cancel_rx => {
-                eprintln!(
-                    "NOTE: Benchmark finished before batch threshold {threshold} was reached; \
-                     profiling skipped."
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    threshold,
+                    "benchmark finished before profiler batch threshold; skipping profiling"
                );
                return;
            }
@@ -1398,13 +1420,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn profile_on_batch_threshold(

    let start_url = format!("{base_url}/start_profile");
    match send_profile_request(client, &start_url, extra_headers).await {
-        Ok(true) => println!("Profiler started"),
+        Ok(true) => tracing::info!(url = %start_url, "profiler started"),
        Ok(false) => {
-            eprintln!("WARNING: Profiler start request returned non-success");
+            tracing::warn!(url = %start_url, "profiler start request was unsuccessful");
            return;
        }
        Err(e) => {
-            eprintln!("WARNING: Failed to start profiler: {e}");
+            tracing::warn!(url = %start_url, error = %e.as_report(), "failed to start profiler");
            return;
        }
    }
@@ -1413,15 +1435,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn profile_on_batch_threshold(
    tokio::select! {
        _ = tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs_f64(duration_secs)) => {}
        _ = &mut cancel_rx => {
-            println!("Benchmark finished, stopping profiler early...");
+            tracing::info!("benchmark finished; stopping profiler early");
        }
    }

    let stop_url = format!("{base_url}/stop_profile");
    match send_profile_request(client, &stop_url, extra_headers).await {
-        Ok(true) => println!("Profiler stopped after capturing"),
-        Ok(false) => eprintln!("WARNING: Profiler stop request returned non-success"),
-        Err(e) => eprintln!("WARNING: Failed to stop profiler: {e}"),
+        Ok(true) => tracing::info!(url = %stop_url, "profiler stopped after capture"),
+        Ok(false) => tracing::warn!(url = %stop_url, "profiler stop request was unsuccessful"),
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::warn!(url = %stop_url, error = %e.as_report(), "failed to stop profiler")
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -1502,10 +1526,11 @@ async fn verify_and_fix_prompt_lengths(
                let excess = tokens.len().saturating_sub(expected_input_len);
                let compensate = if excess > 0 && last_excess == Some(excess) {
                    if _iter == 1 {
-                        eprintln!(
-                            "Prompt {i}: server consistently adds {excess} extra token(s) \
-                             (likely BOS), compensating target to {}.",
-                            expected_input_len.saturating_sub(excess),
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            prompt_index = i,
+                            extra_tokens = excess,
+                            adjusted_target = expected_input_len.saturating_sub(excess),
+                            "server consistently adds prompt tokens; compensating verification target"
                        );
                    }
                    excess
@@ -1563,7 +1588,10 @@ async fn verify_and_fix_prompt_lengths(

    let fc = fixed_count.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
    if fc > 0 {
-        println!("Fixed {fc} prompt(s) via server tokenize/detokenize convergence.");
+        tracing::info!(
+            fixed_prompts = fc,
+            "fixed prompt lengths using server tokenizer"
+        );
    }

    Ok(())
@@ -1818,7 +1846,7 @@ async fn sample_verify_prompts(
    let tokenize_url = format!("{base_url}/tokenize");
    let api_key = std::env::var("OPENAI_API_KEY").ok();

-    println!("Sampling {sample_size} prompts for verification...");
+    tracing::info!(sample_size, "sampling prompts for tokenizer verification");

    for (i, request) in requests.iter().enumerate().take(sample_size) {
        let tokens = match server_tokenize(
@@ -1841,9 +1869,11 @@ async fn sample_verify_prompts(

        let expected = request.prompt_len + num_special;
        if tokens.len() != expected {
-            println!(
-                "Prompt {i}: expected {expected} tokens, server returned {}",
-                tokens.len()
+            tracing::warn!(
+                prompt_index = i,
+                expected_tokens = expected,
+                actual_tokens = tokens.len(),
+                "tokenizer verification sample mismatch"
            );
            return Ok(SampleVerifyOutcome::Mismatch);
        }
@@ -288,10 +288,18 @@ impl BenchConfig {
                    }
                    Some(other) => {
                        // extra_body was not an object — just use sampling params
-                        eprintln!(
-                            "Warning: --extra-body is not a JSON object, sampling params may be lost"
+                        let value_type = match &other {
+                            serde_json::Value::Null => "null",
+                            serde_json::Value::Bool(_) => "boolean",
+                            serde_json::Value::Number(_) => "number",
+                            serde_json::Value::String(_) => "string",
+                            serde_json::Value::Array(_) => "array",
+                            serde_json::Value::Object(_) => unreachable!(),
+                        };
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            value_type,
+                            "sampling parameters may be lost because --extra-body is not a JSON object"
                        );
-                        let _ = other;
                        sampling_params
                    }
                    None => sampling_params,
@@ -489,9 +497,9 @@ impl BenchConfig {
                _ => {}
            }
            if !args.skip_chat_template {
-                eprintln!(
-                    "NOTE: client-side chat template rendering is not supported; custom \
-                     dataset prompts are sent raw (equivalent to --skip-chat-template)."
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    dataset = "custom",
+                    "client-side chat template rendering is unsupported; sending prompts raw"
                );
            }
        }
@@ -570,9 +578,10 @@ impl BenchConfig {
            }

            if ignore_eos {
-                eprintln!(
-                    "WARNING: --ignore-eos is set with --multi-turn. The server may not \
-                     respect output length limits, causing unbounded context growth."
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    ignore_eos,
+                    multi_turn = true,
+                    "output length limits may be ignored, causing unbounded context growth"
                );
            }

@@ -128,8 +128,10 @@ mod tests {

    /// gpt2 via built-in tiktoken encoding — loads without network access.
    fn test_tokenizer() -> TokenizerKind {
-        crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("gpt2", false, None)
-            .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network")
+        TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(
+            crate::tiktoken::load_builtin_tiktoken("gpt2")
+                .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network"),
+        )
    }

    #[test]
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
 use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng};

 use super::SampleRequest;
+use super::progress::RowDownloadReporter;
 use crate::error::{BenchError, Result};
 use crate::tokenizer::TokenizerKind;

@@ -50,18 +51,19 @@ enum ColumnFormat {

 /// Make a GET request with retry logic (3 retries with exponential backoff).
 /// Returns the parsed JSON response.
-fn get_with_retry(
-    client: &reqwest::blocking::Client,
+async fn get_with_retry(
+    client: &reqwest::Client,
    url: &str,
    label: &str,
 ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
    let max_retries = 3;
    for attempt in 0..=max_retries {
-        let resp = match client.get(url).send() {
+        let resp = match client.get(url).send().await {
            Ok(r) => r,
            Err(e) => {
                if attempt < max_retries {
-                    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2 * (attempt as u64 + 1)));
+                    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2 * (attempt as u64 + 1)))
+                        .await;
                    continue;
                }
                return Err(BenchError::Config(format!(
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ fn get_with_retry(
        }

        if status.is_server_error() && attempt < max_retries {
-            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2 * (attempt as u64 + 1)));
+            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2 * (attempt as u64 + 1))).await;
            continue;
        }

@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ fn get_with_retry(

        let data: serde_json::Value = resp
            .json()
+            .await
            .map_err(|e| BenchError::Config(format!("Failed to parse {label} response: {e}")))?;
        return Ok(data);
    }
@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ fn get_with_retry(
 /// If both `subset` and `split` are provided, the `/info` call is skipped as an optimization.
 /// Paginated download fetches rows in pages of 100 until `num_rows_needed` are collected
 /// or the dataset is exhausted.
-pub fn download_hf_dataset(
+pub async fn download_hf_dataset(
    dataset: &str,
    subset: Option<&str>,
    split: Option<&str>,
@@ -115,7 +118,7 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(
        url::form_urlencoded::byte_serialize(dataset.as_bytes()).collect();

    let mut client_builder =
-        reqwest::blocking::Client::builder().timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(120));
+        reqwest::Client::builder().timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(120));

    // Add HF_TOKEN auth header if available
    if let Ok(token) = std::env::var("HF_TOKEN") {
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(
        // Call /info to discover available configs and splits
        let info_url =
            format!("https://datasets-server.huggingface.co/info?dataset={encoded_dataset}");
-        let info = get_with_retry(&client, &info_url, "HF dataset /info")?;
+        let info = get_with_retry(&client, &info_url, "HF dataset /info").await?;

        let dataset_info =
            info.get("dataset_info").and_then(|d| d.as_object()).ok_or_else(|| {
@@ -201,7 +204,12 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(
        (resolved_config, resolved_split)
    };

-    println!("HF dataset: {dataset} (config={resolved_config}, split={resolved_split})");
+    tracing::info!(
+        dataset,
+        config = resolved_config,
+        split = resolved_split,
+        "resolved Hugging Face dataset"
+    );

    // Check cache
    let dir = cache_dir();
@@ -215,11 +223,16 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(

    if cache_path.exists() {
        let path_str = cache_path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        println!("HF dataset cached: {path_str}");
+        tracing::info!(dataset, path = %path_str, "using cached Hugging Face dataset");
        return Ok((path_str, resolved_config, resolved_split));
    }

-    println!("Downloading HF dataset '{dataset}' from datasets-server...");
+    tracing::info!(
+        dataset,
+        config = resolved_config,
+        split = resolved_split,
+        "downloading Hugging Face dataset"
+    );

    let encoded_config: String =
        url::form_urlencoded::byte_serialize(resolved_config.as_bytes()).collect();
@@ -229,6 +242,7 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(
    let mut all_rows: Vec<serde_json::Value> = Vec::new();
    let mut offset = 0usize;
    let page_size = 100usize;
+    let mut progress = RowDownloadReporter::new();

    loop {
        let url = format!(
@@ -240,7 +254,7 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(
             &length={page_size}"
        );

-        let data = get_with_retry(&client, &url, "HF dataset /rows")?;
+        let data = get_with_retry(&client, &url, "HF dataset /rows").await?;

        let rows = data["rows"]
            .as_array()
@@ -260,14 +274,14 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(
        offset += fetched;

        let total = data["num_rows_total"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0);
-        eprint!("\r  Fetched {offset}/{total} rows...");
+        progress.update(offset, total);

        // Stop if we have enough rows or reached end of dataset
        if all_rows.len() >= num_rows_needed || fetched < page_size {
            break;
        }
    }
-    eprintln!(); // newline after progress
+    progress.finish();

    if all_rows.is_empty() {
        return Err(BenchError::Config(format!(
@@ -280,7 +294,12 @@ pub fn download_hf_dataset(
    std::fs::write(&cache_path, &json_str)?;

    let path_str = cache_path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    println!("HF dataset: {} rows saved to {path_str}", all_rows.len());
+    tracing::info!(
+        dataset,
+        rows = all_rows.len(),
+        path = %path_str,
+        "saved Hugging Face dataset"
+    );
    Ok((path_str, resolved_config, resolved_split))
 }

@@ -483,21 +502,31 @@ pub fn load_hf_dataset(
    // Detect column format from first row
    let format = detect_column_format(&entries[0], text_column_override)?;

-    // Print detected format
    match &format {
-        ColumnFormat::Chat(col) => println!("HF dataset: detected chat column '{col}'"),
+        ColumnFormat::Chat(col) => {
+            tracing::info!(
+                format = "chat",
+                column = col,
+                "detected Hugging Face dataset format"
+            );
+        }
        ColumnFormat::Text {
            prompt_col,
            output_col,
        } => {
-            let out_msg = output_col.as_deref().unwrap_or("none");
-            println!("HF dataset: detected text column '{prompt_col}', output column: {out_msg}");
+            tracing::info!(
+                format = "text",
+                prompt_column = prompt_col,
+                output_column = output_col.as_deref().unwrap_or("none"),
+                "detected Hugging Face dataset format"
+            );
        }
        ColumnFormat::Combined { cols, output_col } => {
-            let out_msg = output_col.as_deref().unwrap_or("none");
-            println!(
-                "HF dataset: detected combined columns {:?}, output column: {out_msg}",
-                cols
+            tracing::info!(
+                format = "combined",
+                prompt_columns = ?cols,
+                output_column = output_col.as_deref().unwrap_or("none"),
+                "detected Hugging Face dataset format"
            );
        }
    }
@@ -608,9 +637,10 @@ pub fn load_hf_dataset(
                if len == 0 { 128 } else { len }
            } else {
                if !warned_no_output {
-                    eprintln!(
-                        "WARNING: No output column detected and --hf-output-len not set. \
-                         Using default output length of 128 tokens."
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        path = dataset_path,
+                        default_output_tokens = 128,
+                        "no dataset output column or --hf-output-len; using default output length"
                    );
                    warned_no_output = true;
                }
@@ -618,9 +648,10 @@ pub fn load_hf_dataset(
            }
        } else {
            if !warned_no_output {
-                eprintln!(
-                    "WARNING: No output column detected and --hf-output-len not set. \
-                     Using default output length of 128 tokens."
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    path = dataset_path,
+                    default_output_tokens = 128,
+                    "no dataset output column or --hf-output-len; using default output length"
                );
                warned_no_output = true;
            }
@@ -640,9 +671,11 @@ pub fn load_hf_dataset(
    // Oversample if needed
    if samples.len() < num_requests {
        if no_oversample {
-            println!(
-                "Skipping oversampling. Total samples: {} (requested: {num_requests})",
-                samples.len()
+            tracing::info!(
+                dataset = "hf",
+                samples = samples.len(),
+                requested = num_requests,
+                "skipping dataset oversampling"
            );
        } else if !samples.is_empty() {
            let original_len = samples.len();
@@ -652,9 +685,11 @@ pub fn load_hf_dataset(
                req.request_id = Some(format!("{request_id_prefix}{}", original_len + i));
                samples.push(req);
            }
-            println!(
-                "Oversampled HF dataset from {original_len} to {} total samples.",
-                samples.len()
+            tracing::info!(
+                dataset = "hf",
+                original_samples = original_len,
+                samples = samples.len(),
+                "oversampled dataset"
            );
        }
    }
@@ -1002,8 +1037,10 @@ mod tests {

    /// Build a gpt2 tokenizer using built-in tiktoken encoding (no network required).
    fn builtin_tokenizer() -> crate::tokenizer::TokenizerKind {
-        crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("gpt2", false, None)
-            .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network")
+        crate::tokenizer::TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(
+            crate::tiktoken::load_builtin_tiktoken("gpt2")
+                .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network"),
+        )
    }

    /// Write JSON data to a unique temp file and return the path string.
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ pub mod custom;
 pub mod hf_dataset;
 pub mod multi_turn;
 pub mod prefix_repetition;
+mod progress;
 pub mod random;
 pub mod random_mm;
 pub mod random_rerank;
@@ -90,9 +91,10 @@ pub fn oversample_requests(
        return;
    }
    if no_oversample {
-        println!(
-            "Skipping oversampling. Total samples: {} (requested: {num_requests})",
-            requests.len()
+        tracing::info!(
+            samples = requests.len(),
+            requested = num_requests,
+            "skipping dataset oversampling"
        );
        return;
    }
@@ -103,9 +105,10 @@ pub fn oversample_requests(
        req.request_id = Some(format!("{request_id_prefix}{}", original_len + i));
        requests.push(req);
    }
-    println!(
-        "Oversampled requests from {original_len} to {} total samples.",
-        requests.len()
+    tracing::info!(
+        original_samples = original_len,
+        samples = requests.len(),
+        "oversampled dataset"
    );
 }

@@ -445,9 +445,10 @@ pub fn load_sharegpt_multi_turn(
            conv.conversation_id = format!("{request_id_prefix}conv-{}", original_len + i);
            conversations.push(conv);
        }
-        println!(
-            "Oversampled multi-turn conversations from {original_len} to {} total.",
-            conversations.len()
+        tracing::info!(
+            original_conversations = original_len,
+            conversations = conversations.len(),
+            "oversampled multi-turn conversations"
        );
    }

@@ -525,10 +526,12 @@ mod tests {
        len
    }

-    #[test]
+    #[tokio::test]
    #[ignore]
-    fn test_prefix_sharing_structure() {
-        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None).unwrap();
+    async fn test_prefix_sharing_structure() {
+        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();

        let cfg = MultiTurnRandomConfig {
            num_conversations: 5,
@@ -610,10 +613,12 @@ mod tests {
        println!("All prefix sharing checks passed!");
    }

-    #[test]
+    #[tokio::test]
    #[ignore]
-    fn test_per_turn_input_len_default_mode() {
-        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None).unwrap();
+    async fn test_per_turn_input_len_default_mode() {
+        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();

        let cfg = MultiTurnRandomConfig {
            num_conversations: 4,
@@ -650,10 +655,12 @@ mod tests {
        println!("per_turn_input_len default-mode checks passed!");
    }

-    #[test]
+    #[tokio::test]
    #[ignore]
-    fn test_variable_turns_range() {
-        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None).unwrap();
+    async fn test_variable_turns_range() {
+        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();

        let cfg = MultiTurnRandomConfig {
            num_conversations: 50,
@@ -684,10 +691,12 @@ mod tests {
        println!("variable_turns_range checks passed! counts: {distinct_counts:?}");
    }

-    #[test]
+    #[tokio::test]
    #[ignore]
-    fn test_variable_turns_fixed() {
-        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None).unwrap();
+    async fn test_variable_turns_fixed() {
+        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();

        let cfg = MultiTurnRandomConfig {
            num_conversations: 10,
@@ -709,10 +718,12 @@ mod tests {
        println!("variable_turns_fixed checks passed!");
    }

-    #[test]
+    #[tokio::test]
    #[ignore]
-    fn test_per_turn_input_len_prefix_sharing() {
-        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None).unwrap();
+    async fn test_per_turn_input_len_prefix_sharing() {
+        let tok = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("nvidia/Kimi-K2.5-NVFP4", false, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();

        // Turn 0 input_len=1000, turns 1+ per_turn_input_len=600
        // global_len ≈ 100 (10%), conv_len ≈ 800 (80%), unique ≈ 100
@@ -41,11 +41,13 @@ pub fn generate_prefix_repetition_dataset(
    }
    let total = prompts_per_prefix * num_prefixes;
    if total != num_requests {
-        println!(
-            "prefix_repetition: generating {total} requests \
-             ({num_prefixes} prefixes x {prompts_per_prefix} prompts each; \
-             {} dropped to divide evenly)",
-            num_requests - total
+        tracing::info!(
+            requested = num_requests,
+            generated = total,
+            prefixes = num_prefixes,
+            prompts_per_prefix,
+            dropped = num_requests - total,
+            "adjusted prefix-repetition request count"
        );
    }

@@ -109,8 +111,10 @@ mod tests {

    /// gpt2 via built-in tiktoken encoding — loads without network access.
    fn test_tokenizer() -> TokenizerKind {
-        crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("gpt2", false, None)
-            .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network")
+        TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(
+            crate::tiktoken::load_builtin_tiktoken("gpt2")
+                .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network"),
+        )
    }

    #[test]
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
+
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use indicatif::{ProgressBar, ProgressStyle};
+
+const REPORT_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+
+/// Reports row download progress to an interactive progress bar, or through
+/// periodic tracing events when the progress bar is hidden on a non-TTY.
+pub(super) struct RowDownloadReporter {
+    progress: ProgressBar,
+    next_report: Instant,
+}
+
+impl RowDownloadReporter {
+    /// Creates a reporter that emits non-TTY updates every 10 seconds.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let progress = ProgressBar::new(0);
+        progress.set_style(
+            ProgressStyle::with_template(
+                "{spinner:.green} Fetching rows [{bar:30.cyan/blue}] {pos}/{len}",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+            .progress_chars("#>-"),
+        );
+        Self {
+            progress,
+            next_report: Instant::now() + REPORT_INTERVAL,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Updates the current row count and reports progress when due.
+    pub fn update(&mut self, rows: usize, total: u64) {
+        let rows = rows as u64;
+        let total = total.max(rows);
+        self.progress.set_length(total);
+        self.progress.set_position(rows);
+
+        if self.should_report(Instant::now()) {
+            tracing::info!(rows, total, "fetching dataset rows");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the interactive progress bar after the download completes.
+    pub fn finish(self) {
+        self.progress.finish_and_clear();
+    }
+
+    fn should_report(&mut self, now: Instant) -> bool {
+        if !self.progress.is_hidden() || now < self.next_report {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.next_report = now + REPORT_INTERVAL;
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hidden_reporter_uses_ten_second_deadline() {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let mut reporter = RowDownloadReporter {
+            progress: ProgressBar::hidden(),
+            next_report: start + REPORT_INTERVAL,
+        };
+
+        assert!(!reporter.should_report(start + Duration::from_secs(9)));
+        assert!(reporter.should_report(start + Duration::from_secs(10)));
+        assert!(!reporter.should_report(start + Duration::from_secs(19)));
+        assert!(reporter.should_report(start + Duration::from_secs(20)));
+    }
+}
@@ -49,9 +49,12 @@ pub fn generate_random_dataset(
    let (input_low, input_high) = range_ratio.input_bounds(real_input_len);
    let (output_low, output_high) = range_ratio.output_bounds(output_len);
    if !range_ratio.is_fixed() {
-        println!(
-            "Sampling input_len from [{input_low}, {input_high}] and \
-             output_len from [{output_low}, {output_high}]"
+        tracing::info!(
+            input_low,
+            input_high,
+            output_low,
+            output_high,
+            "sampling random request lengths"
        );
    }

@@ -305,7 +308,8 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    #[ignore]
    fn test_generate_random_dataset_token_ids() {
-        let tokenizer = tokenizer::load_tokenizer("gpt2", false, None).unwrap();
+        let tokenizer =
+            TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(crate::tiktoken::load_builtin_tiktoken("gpt2").unwrap());
        let requests = generate_random_dataset(
            &tokenizer,
            10,  // num_requests
@@ -337,7 +341,8 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    #[ignore]
    fn test_generate_random_dataset_text() {
-        let tokenizer = tokenizer::load_tokenizer("gpt2", false, None).unwrap();
+        let tokenizer =
+            TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(crate::tiktoken::load_builtin_tiktoken("gpt2").unwrap());
        let requests = generate_random_dataset(
            &tokenizer,
            10,  // num_requests
@@ -371,7 +376,8 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    #[ignore]
    fn test_token_length_exact_local() {
-        let tokenizer = tokenizer::load_tokenizer("gpt2", false, None).unwrap();
+        let tokenizer =
+            TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(crate::tiktoken::load_builtin_tiktoken("gpt2").unwrap());
        let target_len = 512;
        let requests = generate_random_dataset(
            &tokenizer,
@@ -405,11 +411,11 @@ mod tests {
    }

    /// Test that tiktoken tokenizer produces exact target token lengths (token ID mode).
-    #[test]
+    #[tokio::test]
    #[ignore]
-    fn test_token_length_exact_tiktoken() {
+    async fn test_token_length_exact_tiktoken() {
        // Use Qwen2.5 which has a tiktoken-format tokenizer
-        let tokenizer = tokenizer::load_tokenizer("Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B", false, None);
+        let tokenizer = tokenizer::load_tokenizer("Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B", false, None).await;
        let tokenizer = match tokenizer {
            Ok(t) => t,
            Err(e) => {
@@ -453,10 +459,10 @@ mod tests {

    /// Test encode/decode roundtrip stability for tiktoken.
    /// After one decode→encode cycle with UTF-8-safe tokens, length must not drift.
-    #[test]
+    #[tokio::test]
    #[ignore]
-    fn test_tiktoken_roundtrip_stability() {
-        let tokenizer = tokenizer::load_tokenizer("Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B", false, None);
+    async fn test_tiktoken_roundtrip_stability() {
+        let tokenizer = tokenizer::load_tokenizer("Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B", false, None).await;
        let tokenizer = match tokenizer {
            Ok(t) => t,
            Err(e) => {
@@ -139,8 +139,10 @@ mod tests {

    /// gpt2 via built-in tiktoken encoding — loads without network access.
    fn test_tokenizer() -> TokenizerKind {
-        crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer("gpt2", false, None)
-            .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network")
+        TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(
+            crate::tiktoken::load_builtin_tiktoken("gpt2")
+                .expect("gpt2 built-in tiktoken should always load without network"),
+        )
    }

    fn fixed_ratio() -> RangeRatio {
@@ -22,18 +22,21 @@ const DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_FILE: &str = "ShareGPT_V3_unfiltered_cleaned_split.json";

 /// Download the default ShareGPT dataset from HuggingFace Hub.
 /// Uses hf-hub's built-in cache — subsequent calls return the cached path instantly.
-pub fn download_sharegpt_dataset() -> Result<String> {
-    println!(
-        "Downloading ShareGPT dataset from {DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_REPO}/{DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_FILE} ..."
+pub async fn download_sharegpt_dataset() -> Result<String> {
+    tracing::info!(
+        repository = DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_REPO,
+        file = DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_FILE,
+        "downloading ShareGPT dataset"
    );
-    let repo = crate::hub::HubRepo::dataset(DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_REPO.to_string());
-    let path = repo.get(DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_FILE).map_err(|e| {
+    let repo = crate::hub::HubRepo::dataset(DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_REPO.to_string())
+        .map_err(BenchError::Config)?;
+    let path = repo.get(DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_FILE).await.map_err(|e| {
        BenchError::Config(format!(
            "Failed to download ShareGPT dataset from '{DEFAULT_SHAREGPT_REPO}': {e}"
        ))
    })?;
    let path_str = path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    println!("ShareGPT dataset ready: {path_str}");
+    tracing::info!(dataset = "sharegpt", path = %path_str, "dataset is ready");
    Ok(path_str)
 }

@@ -135,9 +138,11 @@ pub fn load_sharegpt_dataset(
    // Oversample if dataset is smaller than requested
    if samples.len() < num_requests {
        if no_oversample {
-            println!(
-                "Skipping oversampling. Total samples: {} (requested: {num_requests})",
-                samples.len()
+            tracing::info!(
+                dataset = "sharegpt",
+                samples = samples.len(),
+                requested = num_requests,
+                "skipping dataset oversampling"
            );
        } else if !samples.is_empty() {
            let needed = num_requests - samples.len();
@@ -147,9 +152,11 @@ pub fn load_sharegpt_dataset(
                req.request_id = Some(format!("{request_id_prefix}{}", original_len + i));
                samples.push(req);
            }
-            println!(
-                "Oversampled requests from {original_len} to {} total samples.",
-                samples.len()
+            tracing::info!(
+                dataset = "sharegpt",
+                original_samples = original_len,
+                samples = samples.len(),
+                "oversampled dataset"
            );
        }
    }
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
 use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng};

 use super::SampleRequest;
+use super::progress::RowDownloadReporter;
 use crate::cli::SpeedBenchConfig;
 use crate::error::{BenchError, Result};
 use crate::tokenizer::TokenizerKind;
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ fn cache_dir() -> std::path::PathBuf {

 /// Download SPEED-Bench dataset from HuggingFace datasets-server API.
 /// Results are cached as JSON locally for subsequent runs.
-pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
+pub async fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
    let config_name = config.as_str();

    let dir = cache_dir();
@@ -35,13 +36,13 @@ pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
    // Return cached file if it exists
    if cache_path.exists() {
        let path_str = cache_path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        println!("SPEED-Bench ({config_name}) cached: {path_str}");
+        tracing::info!(config = config_name, path = %path_str, "using cached SPEED-Bench dataset");
        return Ok(path_str);
    }

-    println!("Downloading SPEED-Bench ({config_name}) from HuggingFace datasets-server...");
+    tracing::info!(config = config_name, "downloading SPEED-Bench dataset");

-    let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::builder()
+    let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
        .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(120))
        .build()
        .map_err(|e| BenchError::Config(format!("Failed to build HTTP client: {e}")))?;
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
    let mut all_rows: Vec<serde_json::Value> = Vec::new();
    let mut offset = 0usize;
    let page_size = 100usize;
+    let mut progress = RowDownloadReporter::new();

    loop {
        let url = format!(
@@ -64,13 +66,14 @@ pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
        let max_retries = 3;
        let mut data: Option<serde_json::Value> = None;
        for attempt in 0..=max_retries {
-            let resp = match client.get(&url).send() {
+            let resp = match client.get(&url).send().await {
                Ok(r) => r,
                Err(e) => {
                    if attempt < max_retries {
-                        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(
+                        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(
                            2 * (attempt as u64 + 1),
-                        ));
+                        ))
+                        .await;
                        continue;
                    }
                    return Err(BenchError::Config(format!(
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
            };

            if resp.status().is_server_error() && attempt < max_retries {
-                std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2 * (attempt as u64 + 1)));
+                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2 * (attempt as u64 + 1))).await;
                continue;
            }

@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
                )));
            }

-            data = Some(resp.json().map_err(|e| {
+            data = Some(resp.json().await.map_err(|e| {
                BenchError::Config(format!("Failed to parse SPEED-Bench API response: {e}"))
            })?);
            break;
@@ -116,15 +119,14 @@ pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
        let fetched = rows.len();
        offset += fetched;

-        // Print progress
        let total = data["num_rows_total"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0);
-        eprint!("\r  Fetched {offset}/{total} rows...");
+        progress.update(offset, total);

        if fetched < page_size {
            break;
        }
    }
-    eprintln!(); // newline after progress
+    progress.finish();

    if all_rows.is_empty() {
        return Err(BenchError::Config(
@@ -137,9 +139,11 @@ pub fn download_speed_bench(config: SpeedBenchConfig) -> Result<String> {
    std::fs::write(&cache_path, &json_str)?;

    let path_str = cache_path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    println!(
-        "SPEED-Bench ({config_name}): {} rows saved to {path_str}",
-        all_rows.len()
+    tracing::info!(
+        config = config_name,
+        rows = all_rows.len(),
+        path = %path_str,
+        "saved SPEED-Bench dataset"
    );
    Ok(path_str)
 }
@@ -263,9 +267,11 @@ pub fn load_speed_bench_dataset(
    // Oversample if needed
    if samples.len() < num_requests {
        if no_oversample {
-            println!(
-                "Skipping oversampling. Total samples: {} (requested: {num_requests})",
-                samples.len()
+            tracing::info!(
+                dataset = "speed-bench",
+                samples = samples.len(),
+                requested = num_requests,
+                "skipping dataset oversampling"
            );
        } else if !samples.is_empty() {
            let original_len = samples.len();
@@ -275,9 +281,11 @@ pub fn load_speed_bench_dataset(
                req.request_id = Some(format!("{request_id_prefix}{}", original_len + i));
                samples.push(req);
            }
-            println!(
-                "Oversampled SPEED-Bench from {original_len} to {} total samples.",
-                samples.len()
+            tracing::info!(
+                dataset = "speed-bench",
+                original_samples = original_len,
+                samples = samples.len(),
+                "oversampled dataset"
            );
        }
    }
@@ -288,7 +296,6 @@ pub fn load_speed_bench_dataset(
        ));
    }

-    // Print category distribution
    let mut cat_counts: std::collections::HashMap<&str, usize> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
    for entry in &filtered[..filtered.len().min(samples.len())] {
        let cat = entry.get("category").and_then(|c| c.as_str()).unwrap_or("unknown");
@@ -297,7 +304,7 @@ pub fn load_speed_bench_dataset(
    let mut cats: Vec<_> = cat_counts.into_iter().collect();
    cats.sort_by_key(|b| std::cmp::Reverse(b.1));
    let cat_str: Vec<String> = cats.iter().map(|(k, v)| format!("{k}:{v}")).collect();
-    println!("SPEED-Bench categories: {}", cat_str.join(", "));
+    tracing::info!(categories = %cat_str.join(", "), "computed SPEED-Bench category distribution");

    Ok(samples)
 }
@@ -1,54 +1,39 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project

-//! Sync facade over the async `hf_hub` API.
-//!
-//! The workspace bans rustls (`rust/deny.toml`), but hf-hub's sync `ureq`
-//! backend unconditionally pulls ureq's default rustls feature. So we use the
-//! reqwest/native-tls tokio API instead, and bridge blocking callers (dataset
-//! loaders, tokenizer fallback in rayon threads) by running each download on a
-//! dedicated thread with its own single-threaded runtime.
-
 use std::path::PathBuf;

+use hf_hub::Repo;
+use hf_hub::api::tokio::{ApiBuilder, ApiRepo};
+
 /// A handle to a HuggingFace Hub repo, downloading via hf-hub's on-disk cache.
 pub struct HubRepo {
-    repo: hf_hub::Repo,
+    repo: ApiRepo,
 }

 impl HubRepo {
-    pub fn model(model_id: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            repo: hf_hub::Repo::model(model_id),
-        }
+    pub fn model(model_id: String) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        Self::new(Repo::model(model_id))
    }

-    pub fn dataset(repo_id: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            repo: hf_hub::Repo::dataset(repo_id),
+    pub fn dataset(repo_id: String) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        Self::new(Repo::dataset(repo_id))
+    }
+
+    fn new(repo: Repo) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let mut builder = ApiBuilder::from_env();
+        if let Ok(token) = std::env::var("HF_TOKEN") {
+            builder = builder.with_token(Some(token));
        }
+        let api = builder.build().map_err(|e| format!("Failed to init HF API: {e}"))?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            repo: api.repo(repo),
+        })
    }

    /// Download (or fetch from cache) a single file from the repo.
    /// Auth is handled by hf-hub via HF_TOKEN / the cached login token.
-    pub fn get(&self, filename: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
-        let repo = self.repo.clone();
-        let filename = filename.to_string();
-        std::thread::spawn(move || {
-            let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-                .enable_all()
-                .build()
-                .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to build download runtime: {e}"))?;
-            rt.block_on(async move {
-                let mut builder = hf_hub::api::tokio::ApiBuilder::from_env();
-                if let Ok(token) = std::env::var("HF_TOKEN") {
-                    builder = builder.with_token(Some(token));
-                }
-                let api = builder.build().map_err(|e| format!("Failed to init HF API: {e}"))?;
-                api.repo(repo).get(&filename).await.map_err(|e| format!("{e}"))
-            })
-        })
-        .join()
-        .map_err(|_| "HF Hub download thread panicked".to_string())?
+    pub async fn get(&self, filename: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+        self.repo.get(filename).await.map_err(|e| format!("{e}"))
    }
 }
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn prepare_process() {
    if let Ok(new) = rlimit::increase_nofile_limit(u64::MAX)
        && new > 1024
    {
-        eprintln!("Open-file limit: {new}");
+        tracing::info!(soft_limit = new, "raised open-file limit");
    }
 }

@@ -19,7 +19,19 @@ struct Cli {
    args: vllm_bench::BenchServeArgs,
 }

+// TODO: unify the tracing subscriber used by different binaries.
+fn init_tracing() {
+    let filter = tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new("info"));
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(filter)
+        .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
+        .try_init();
+}
+
 fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    init_tracing();
+
    let cli = Cli::parse();
    vllm_bench::prepare_process();

@@ -7,6 +7,22 @@ use crate::datasets::SampleRequest;
 use crate::metrics::{BenchmarkMetrics, MultiTurnMetrics};
 use crate::multi_turn::ConversationOutput;

+fn log_failed_requests(outputs: &[RequestFuncOutput]) {
+    let failed_outputs: Vec<_> = outputs.iter().filter(|output| !output.success).collect();
+    if failed_outputs.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    tracing::warn!(
+        failed_requests = failed_outputs.len(),
+        displayed_errors = failed_outputs.len().min(10),
+        "benchmark requests failed"
+    );
+    for (index, output) in failed_outputs.into_iter().take(10).enumerate() {
+        tracing::warn!(index, error = %output.error, "benchmark request failed");
+    }
+}
+
 /// Calculate benchmark metrics from request outputs.
 ///
 /// Mirrors Python's `calculate_metrics()` from serve.py:392-599.
@@ -63,14 +79,7 @@ pub fn calculate_metrics(

    let failed = outputs.len() - completed;

-    // Print failed request errors (capped to 10)
-    let failed_outputs: Vec<&RequestFuncOutput> = outputs.iter().filter(|o| !o.success).collect();
-    if !failed_outputs.is_empty() {
-        eprintln!("Failed requests during benchmark run detected (capping to 10):");
-        for (i, err) in failed_outputs.iter().take(10).enumerate() {
-            eprintln!("Error {i}: {}", err.error);
-        }
-    }
+    log_failed_requests(outputs);

    // Calculate max output tokens per second and max concurrent requests
    let mut max_output_tokens_per_s = 0.0_f64;
@@ -295,14 +304,7 @@ pub fn calculate_embedding_metrics(

    let failed = outputs.len() - completed;

-    // Print failed request errors (capped to 10)
-    let failed_outputs: Vec<&RequestFuncOutput> = outputs.iter().filter(|o| !o.success).collect();
-    if !failed_outputs.is_empty() {
-        eprintln!("Failed requests during benchmark run detected (capping to 10):");
-        for (i, err) in failed_outputs.iter().take(10).enumerate() {
-            eprintln!("Error {i}: {}", err.error);
-        }
-    }
+    log_failed_requests(outputs);

    // Compute peak concurrent requests from start_time + latency windows
    let successful_outputs: Vec<&RequestFuncOutput> =
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

 use indicatif::{ProgressBar, ProgressStyle};
+use thiserror_ext::AsReport as _;
 use tokio::sync::Semaphore;

 use crate::backends::{Backend, RequestFuncInput, RequestFuncOutput, get_backend};
@@ -72,9 +73,13 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
    let (model_id, model_name) = if let Some(ref m) = config.model {
        (m.clone(), config.model_name.clone())
    } else {
-        println!("Model not specified, fetching first model from server...");
+        tracing::info!(base_url = %config.base_url, "fetching first model from server");
        let (name, id) = get_first_model(&config.base_url, &client, &config.extra_headers).await?;
-        println!("First model name: {name}, first model id: {id}");
+        tracing::info!(
+            model_name = name,
+            model_id = id,
+            "selected first model from server"
+        );
        (id, Some(name))
    };

@@ -83,15 +88,19 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
        None
    } else {
        let tid = config.tokenizer_id.as_deref().unwrap_or(&model_id);
-        println!("Loading tokenizer: {tid}");
+        tracing::info!(tokenizer = tid, "loading tokenizer");
        let server_info = Some((config.base_url.as_str(), model_id.as_str()));
-        let t = crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer(tid, config.trust_remote_code, server_info)?;
-        println!("Tokenizer loaded successfully.");
+        let t =
+            crate::tokenizer::load_tokenizer(tid, config.trust_remote_code, server_info).await?;
        Some(t)
    };

    // Generate/load conversations
-    println!("Generating multi-turn conversations...");
+    tracing::info!(
+        dataset = ?config.dataset_name,
+        conversations = config.num_prompts,
+        "generating multi-turn conversations"
+    );
    let gen_start = Instant::now();

    let mut conversations = match config.dataset_name {
@@ -131,7 +140,7 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
            let path = match config.dataset_path.as_deref() {
                Some(p) => p,
                None => {
-                    downloaded = crate::datasets::sharegpt::download_sharegpt_dataset()?;
+                    downloaded = crate::datasets::sharegpt::download_sharegpt_dataset().await?;
                    downloaded.as_str()
                }
            };
@@ -179,8 +188,11 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
        let (filtered_conversations, filtered_turns) =
            filter_turns_by_max_model_len(&mut conversations, max_model_len, no_history);
        if filtered_turns > 0 || filtered_conversations > 0 {
-            println!(
-                "Filtered {filtered_turns} turn(s) and {filtered_conversations} conversation(s) above --max-model-len {max_model_len}."
+            tracing::info!(
+                filtered_turns,
+                filtered_conversations,
+                max_model_len,
+                "filtered conversations above maximum model length"
            );
        }
        if conversations.is_empty() {
@@ -192,11 +204,11 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json

    let gen_elapsed = gen_start.elapsed();
    let total_turns: usize = conversations.iter().map(|c| c.turns.len()).sum();
-    println!(
-        "Generated {} conversations ({} total turns) in {:.2}s",
-        conversations.len(),
+    tracing::info!(
+        conversations = conversations.len(),
        total_turns,
-        gen_elapsed.as_secs_f64()
+        elapsed_seconds = gen_elapsed.as_secs_f64(),
+        "generated multi-turn conversations"
    );

    // Log prefix sharing info
@@ -208,18 +220,15 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
        let conv_tokens =
            (real_input_len as f64 * config.multi_turn_prefix_conversation_ratio).floor() as usize;
        let unique_tokens = real_input_len.saturating_sub(global_tokens + conv_tokens);
-        println!(
-            "User message prefix sharing: {:.0}% global ({} tokens), {:.0}% per-conversation ({} tokens), {:.0}% unique ({} tokens)",
-            config.multi_turn_prefix_global_ratio * 100.0,
+        tracing::info!(
+            global_ratio = config.multi_turn_prefix_global_ratio,
            global_tokens,
-            config.multi_turn_prefix_conversation_ratio * 100.0,
-            conv_tokens,
-            (1.0 - config.multi_turn_prefix_global_ratio
-                - config.multi_turn_prefix_conversation_ratio)
-                * 100.0,
+            conversation_ratio = config.multi_turn_prefix_conversation_ratio,
+            conversation_tokens = conv_tokens,
            unique_tokens,
+            history_accumulation = false,
+            "configured multi-turn prefix sharing"
        );
-        println!("No history accumulation: each turn sends fixed-length prompt only.");
    }

    if config.dry_run {
@@ -253,7 +262,7 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
            ..Default::default()
        };

-        println!("Starting initial single prompt test run...");
+        tracing::info!("starting initial single-prompt test run");
        let test_output = crate::ready_checker::wait_for_endpoint(
            config.backend,
            &client,
@@ -268,7 +277,7 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
                test_output.error
            )));
        }
-        println!("Initial test run completed.");
+        tracing::info!("initial single-prompt test run completed");
    }

    // For random datasets in multi-turn mode, auto-set min_tokens to enforce
@@ -283,9 +292,10 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
                "min_tokens".to_string(),
                serde_json::json!(config.random_output_len),
            );
-            println!(
-                "Auto-setting min_tokens={} for multi-turn random dataset (use --extra-body to override)",
-                config.random_output_len
+            tracing::info!(
+                min_tokens = config.random_output_len,
+                dataset = "random",
+                "set minimum output tokens for multi-turn dataset"
            );
        }
        Some(body)
@@ -297,7 +307,7 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
    let spec_decode_before =
        fetch_spec_decode_metrics(&config.base_url, &client, &config.extra_headers).await;
    if spec_decode_before.is_some() {
-        println!("Speculative decoding detected, will collect metrics.");
+        tracing::info!("detected speculative decoding; collecting metrics");
    }

    // Start profiler if requested (immediate mode — no batch threshold)
@@ -330,10 +340,13 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
    };

    // Main benchmark
-    println!("Starting multi-turn benchmark...");
-    println!("Conversations: {}", conversations.len());
-    println!("Concurrency: {concurrency}");
-    println!("Inter-turn delay: {} ms", config.multi_turn_delay_ms);
+    tracing::info!(
+        conversations = conversations.len(),
+        total_turns,
+        concurrency,
+        inter_turn_delay_ms = config.multi_turn_delay_ms,
+        "starting multi-turn benchmark"
+    );

    let max_turn_count = conversations.iter().map(|c| c.turns.len()).max().unwrap_or(0);

@@ -364,11 +377,12 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
    );
    if let Some(modules) = config.lora_modules.as_ref() {
        let names: Vec<&str> = modules.iter().map(|s| s.as_ref()).collect();
-        println!(
-            "LoRA adapters ({}): {:?} [assignment={:?}, scope=conversation]",
-            modules.len(),
-            names,
-            config.lora_assignment
+        tracing::info!(
+            adapters = modules.len(),
+            names = ?names,
+            assignment = ?config.lora_assignment,
+            scope = "conversation",
+            "assigned LoRA adapters"
        );
    }

@@ -433,7 +447,7 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
        match handle.await {
            Ok(output) => all_outputs.push(output),
            Err(e) => {
-                eprintln!("Conversation task panicked: {e}");
+                tracing::error!(error = %e.as_report(), "conversation task panicked");
            }
        }
    }
@@ -453,7 +467,7 @@ pub async fn run_multi_turn_benchmark(config: &BenchConfig) -> Result<serde_json
    if let Some((cancel_tx, task)) = profile_task {
        let _ = cancel_tx.send(());
        if let Err(e) = task.await {
-            eprintln!("WARNING: Profile background task failed: {e}");
+            tracing::error!(error = %e.as_report(), "profiler background task failed");
        }
    }

@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ fn add_metric_stats(
 pub fn save_result(json: &Value, file_path: &str) -> Result<()> {
    let content = serde_json::to_string(json)?;
    std::fs::write(file_path, content)?;
-    println!("Results saved to {file_path}");
+    tracing::info!(path = file_path, "saved benchmark results");
    Ok(())
 }

@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ pub fn append_result(json: &Value, file_path: &str) -> Result<()> {
        file.write_all(b"\n")?;
    }
    file.write_all(content.as_bytes())?;
-    println!("Results appended to {file_path}");
+    tracing::info!(path = file_path, "appended benchmark results");
    Ok(())
 }

@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ pub async fn wait_for_endpoint(
    let backend = get_backend(backend)?;
    let deadline = Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(timeout_seconds);

-    println!("Waiting for endpoint to become up in {timeout_seconds}s");
+    tracing::info!(
+        timeout_seconds,
+        retry_interval,
+        "waiting for endpoint readiness"
+    );

    let pb = ProgressBar::new(timeout_seconds);
    pb.set_style(
@@ -53,7 +57,9 @@ pub async fn wait_for_endpoint(
            Ok(output) => {
                let err = output.error.clone();
                let err_last_line = err.lines().last().unwrap_or(&err);
-                eprintln!("Endpoint is not ready. Error='{err_last_line}'");
+                pb.suspend(|| {
+                    tracing::warn!(error = err_last_line, "endpoint is not ready");
+                });
                last_error = err;
            }
            Err(e) => {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ async fn reset_prefix_cache(base_url: &str) -> Result<()> {
        .await
        .map_err(|e| BenchError::Backend(format!("Failed to reset prefix cache: {e}")))?;
    if resp.status().is_success() {
-        println!("Prefix cache reset successfully.");
+        tracing::info!(url = %url, "reset prefix cache");
    } else {
        let status = resp.status();
        let body = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
@@ -199,12 +199,17 @@ pub fn load_builtin_tiktoken(encoding: &str) -> Result<TiktokenTokenizer> {
        }
    };
    let bpe = bpe.map_err(|e| BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("Failed to load {encoding}: {e}")))?;
-    println!("Tokenizer: Built-in tiktoken {encoding} (vocab_size={vocab_size})");
+    tracing::info!(
+        encoding,
+        kind = "built-in-tiktoken",
+        vocab_size,
+        "loaded tokenizer"
+    );
    Ok(TiktokenTokenizer::from_builtin_bpe(bpe, vocab_size))
 }

 /// Try to load a tiktoken tokenizer from a local directory or HuggingFace model repo.
-pub fn try_load_tiktoken(model_id: &str) -> Result<TiktokenTokenizer> {
+pub async fn try_load_tiktoken(model_id: &str) -> Result<TiktokenTokenizer> {
    // Phase 1: If model_id is a local directory, look for tiktoken files there
    let local_dir = Path::new(model_id);
    if local_dir.is_dir() {
@@ -212,7 +217,7 @@ pub fn try_load_tiktoken(model_id: &str) -> Result<TiktokenTokenizer> {
    }

    // Phase 2: Fall back to HuggingFace Hub download
-    try_load_tiktoken_from_hf(model_id)
+    try_load_tiktoken_from_hf(model_id).await
 }

 /// Common tiktoken model filenames to search for.
@@ -247,25 +252,28 @@ fn try_load_tiktoken_from_dir(dir: &Path, model_id: &str) -> Result<TiktokenToke
 }

 /// Load a tiktoken tokenizer from a HuggingFace model repo.
-fn try_load_tiktoken_from_hf(model_id: &str) -> Result<TiktokenTokenizer> {
-    let repo = crate::hub::HubRepo::model(model_id.to_string());
+async fn try_load_tiktoken_from_hf(model_id: &str) -> Result<TiktokenTokenizer> {
+    let repo = crate::hub::HubRepo::model(model_id.to_string()).map_err(BenchError::Tokenizer)?;

-    let model_path = repo
-        .get("tiktoken.model")
-        .or_else(|_| repo.get("qwen.tiktoken"))
-        .or_else(|_| repo.get("vocab.tiktoken"))
-        .map_err(|_| {
-            BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("No tiktoken model file found for '{model_id}'"))
-        })?;
+    let mut model_path = None;
+    for filename in TIKTOKEN_MODEL_FILENAMES {
+        if let Ok(path) = repo.get(filename).await {
+            model_path = Some(path);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    let model_path = model_path.ok_or_else(|| {
+        BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("No tiktoken model file found for '{model_id}'"))
+    })?;

    let num_base_tokens = count_base_tokens(&model_path)?;

-    let config = match repo.get("tokenizer_config.json") {
+    let config = match repo.get("tokenizer_config.json").await {
        Ok(config_path) => read_tokenizer_config(&config_path),
        Err(_) => None,
    };

-    let pattern = extract_pat_str_from_repo(&repo);
+    let pattern = extract_pat_str_from_repo(&repo).await;

    build_tiktoken(model_id, &model_path, config, pattern, num_base_tokens)
 }
@@ -309,15 +317,16 @@ fn build_tiktoken(
        }
    }

-    println!(
-        "Loading tiktoken model for '{model_id}' (base={}, special={}, pat={})...",
-        num_base_tokens,
-        all_special_tokens.len(),
-        if pattern.is_some() {
+    tracing::info!(
+        model = model_id,
+        base_tokens = num_base_tokens,
+        special_tokens = all_special_tokens.len(),
+        pattern = if pattern.is_some() {
            "custom"
        } else {
            "default"
        },
+        "loading tiktoken model"
    );

    TiktokenTokenizer::from_file(
@@ -397,9 +406,12 @@ fn extract_pat_str_from_local_dir(dir: &Path) -> Option<String> {

 /// Try to download the Python tokenizer source file and extract pat_str via regex.
 /// Returns None if unavailable or unparsable.
-fn extract_pat_str_from_repo(repo: &crate::hub::HubRepo) -> Option<String> {
+async fn extract_pat_str_from_repo(repo: &crate::hub::HubRepo) -> Option<String> {
    // Try common Python tokenizer filenames
-    let py_path = repo.get("tokenization_kimi.py").or_else(|_| repo.get("tokenizer.py")).ok()?;
+    let py_path = match repo.get("tokenization_kimi.py").await {
+        Ok(path) => path,
+        Err(_) => repo.get("tokenizer.py").await.ok()?,
+    };

    let source = std::fs::read_to_string(&py_path).ok()?;

@@ -438,9 +450,9 @@ fn extract_pat_str_from_source(source: &str) -> Option<String> {

                if !fragments.is_empty() {
                    let pattern = fragments.join("|");
-                    println!(
-                        "Extracted pat_str from Python source: {} fragments",
-                        fragments.len()
+                    tracing::debug!(
+                        fragments = fragments.len(),
+                        "extracted tiktoken pattern from Python source"
                    );
                    return Some(pattern);
                }
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project

 use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::future::Future;
 use std::path::Path;

+use thiserror_ext::AsReport as _;
 use tokenizers::Tokenizer;

 use crate::error::{BenchError, Result};
@@ -18,7 +20,8 @@ pub enum TokenizerKind {

 /// Server-side tokenizer using vLLM's /tokenize and /detokenize endpoints.
 pub struct ServerTokenizer {
-    client: reqwest::blocking::Client,
+    client: reqwest::Client,
+    runtime: tokio::runtime::Handle,
    tokenize_url: String,
    detokenize_url: String,
    model: String,
@@ -27,8 +30,8 @@ pub struct ServerTokenizer {

 impl ServerTokenizer {
    /// Create a new server tokenizer and verify connectivity.
-    pub fn new(base_url: &str, model: &str) -> Result<Self> {
-        let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::builder()
+    pub async fn new(base_url: &str, model: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
            .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(30))
            .build()
            .map_err(|e| BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("Failed to build HTTP client: {e}")))?;
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {

        let st = Self {
            client,
+            runtime: tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
            tokenize_url,
            detokenize_url,
            model: model.to_string(),
@@ -45,7 +49,7 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
        };

        // Probe the endpoint to verify it works and discover vocab size
-        let test_tokens = st.encode_inner("test")?;
+        let test_tokens = st.encode_async("test").await?;
        let max_id = test_tokens.iter().copied().max().unwrap_or(0);
        let estimated_vocab = (max_id * 2).max(131072);

@@ -56,6 +60,10 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
    }

    fn encode_inner(&self, text: &str) -> Result<Vec<u32>> {
+        self.block_on(self.encode_async(text))
+    }
+
+    async fn encode_async(&self, text: &str) -> Result<Vec<u32>> {
        let payload = serde_json::json!({
            "model": self.model,
            "prompt": text,
@@ -66,6 +74,7 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
            .post(&self.tokenize_url)
            .json(&payload)
            .send()
+            .await
            .map_err(|e| BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("Server tokenize failed: {e}")))?;

        if !resp.status().is_success() {
@@ -75,7 +84,7 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
            )));
        }

-        let data: serde_json::Value = resp.json().map_err(|e| {
+        let data: serde_json::Value = resp.json().await.map_err(|e| {
            BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("Failed to parse tokenize response: {e}"))
        })?;

@@ -95,6 +104,10 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
    }

    fn decode_inner(&self, ids: &[u32]) -> Result<String> {
+        self.block_on(self.decode_async(ids))
+    }
+
+    async fn decode_async(&self, ids: &[u32]) -> Result<String> {
        let payload = serde_json::json!({
            "model": self.model,
            "tokens": ids,
@@ -105,6 +118,7 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
            .post(&self.detokenize_url)
            .json(&payload)
            .send()
+            .await
            .map_err(|e| BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("Server detokenize failed: {e}")))?;

        if !resp.status().is_success() {
@@ -114,7 +128,7 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
            )));
        }

-        let data: serde_json::Value = resp.json().map_err(|e| {
+        let data: serde_json::Value = resp.json().await.map_err(|e| {
            BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("Failed to parse detokenize response: {e}"))
        })?;

@@ -123,6 +137,26 @@ impl ServerTokenizer {
            .map(|s| s.to_string())
            .ok_or_else(|| BenchError::Tokenizer("Missing 'prompt' in detokenize response".into()))
    }
+
+    fn block_on<T>(&self, future: impl Future<Output = Result<T>>) -> Result<T> {
+        if matches!(
+            self.runtime.runtime_flavor(),
+            tokio::runtime::RuntimeFlavor::CurrentThread
+        ) {
+            return Err(BenchError::Tokenizer(
+                "Server tokenizer fallback requires a multi-thread Tokio runtime".into(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Sync tokenizer calls can come from a Tokio worker or a Rayon worker.
+        // Tokio workers must enter a blocking region before re-entering the runtime;
+        // Rayon workers can drive the future directly with the saved runtime handle.
+        if tokio::runtime::Handle::try_current().is_ok() {
+            tokio::task::block_in_place(|| self.runtime.block_on(future))
+        } else {
+            self.runtime.block_on(future)
+        }
+    }
 }

 // --- TokenizerKind methods ---
@@ -192,7 +226,7 @@ impl TokenizerKind {
 /// 3. Server-side /tokenize + /detokenize endpoints
 ///
 /// `server_info` is `Some((base_url, model))` to enable server-side fallback.
-pub fn load_tokenizer(
+pub async fn load_tokenizer(
    model_id: &str,
    _trust_remote_code: bool,
    server_info: Option<(&str, &str)>,
@@ -212,31 +246,48 @@ pub fn load_tokenizer(
    }

    // 1. Try local HuggingFace tokenizer (tokenizer.json)
-    match try_load_local(model_id) {
+    match try_load_local(model_id).await {
        Ok(tok) => {
-            println!("Tokenizer: Local (vocab_size={})", tok.get_vocab_size(true));
+            tracing::info!(
+                model = model_id,
+                kind = "local",
+                vocab_size = tok.get_vocab_size(true),
+                "loaded tokenizer"
+            );
            Ok(TokenizerKind::Local(Box::new(tok)))
        }
        Err(local_err) => {
            // 2. Try tiktoken format
-            println!("No tokenizer.json for '{model_id}', trying tiktoken format...");
-            match crate::tiktoken::try_load_tiktoken(model_id) {
+            tracing::info!(
+                model = model_id,
+                error = %local_err.as_report(),
+                "local tokenizer unavailable; trying tiktoken"
+            );
+            match crate::tiktoken::try_load_tiktoken(model_id).await {
                Ok(tok) => {
-                    println!("Tokenizer: Tiktoken (vocab_size={})", tok.vocab_size());
+                    tracing::info!(
+                        model = model_id,
+                        kind = "tiktoken",
+                        vocab_size = tok.vocab_size(),
+                        "loaded tokenizer"
+                    );
                    Ok(TokenizerKind::Tiktoken(tok))
                }
                Err(tiktoken_err) => {
                    // 3. Try server-side fallback
                    if let Some((base_url, model)) = server_info {
-                        println!(
-                            "Tiktoken also not available ({tiktoken_err}), \
-                             trying server-side tokenization..."
+                        tracing::info!(
+                            model = model_id,
+                            error = %tiktoken_err.as_report(),
+                            "tiktoken unavailable; trying server-side tokenization"
                        );
-                        match ServerTokenizer::new(base_url, model) {
+                        match ServerTokenizer::new(base_url, model).await {
                            Ok(srv) => {
-                                println!(
-                                    "Tokenizer: Server (vocab_size≈{})",
-                                    srv.cached_vocab_size
+                                tracing::info!(
+                                    model = model_id,
+                                    kind = "server",
+                                    vocab_size = srv.cached_vocab_size,
+                                    "loaded tokenizer"
                                );
                                return Ok(TokenizerKind::Server(srv));
                            }
@@ -264,7 +315,7 @@ pub fn load_tokenizer(
 }

 /// Try loading tokenizer.json from local path or HuggingFace Hub.
-fn try_load_local(model_id: &str) -> Result<Tokenizer> {
+async fn try_load_local(model_id: &str) -> Result<Tokenizer> {
    // 1. Try local directory with tokenizer.json
    let local_path = Path::new(model_id).join("tokenizer.json");
    if local_path.exists() {
@@ -290,11 +341,37 @@ fn try_load_local(model_id: &str) -> Result<Tokenizer> {
    }

    // 4. Download from HuggingFace Hub (hf-hub handles auth via HF_TOKEN / cached token)
-    let repo = crate::hub::HubRepo::model(model_id.to_string());
+    let repo = crate::hub::HubRepo::model(model_id.to_string()).map_err(BenchError::Tokenizer)?;
    let tokenizer_path = repo
        .get("tokenizer.json")
+        .await
        .map_err(|e| BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("No tokenizer.json for '{model_id}': {e}")))?;

    Tokenizer::from_file(&tokenizer_path)
        .map_err(|e| BenchError::Tokenizer(format!("Failed to load downloaded tokenizer: {e}")))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+    async fn test_server_tokenizer_sync_bridge() {
+        let tokenizer = std::sync::Arc::new(ServerTokenizer {
+            client: reqwest::Client::new(),
+            runtime: tokio::runtime::Handle::current(),
+            tokenize_url: String::new(),
+            detokenize_url: String::new(),
+            model: String::new(),
+            cached_vocab_size: 0,
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(tokenizer.block_on(async { Ok(1) }).unwrap(), 1);
+
+        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+        rayon::spawn(move || {
+            let _ = tx.send(tokenizer.block_on(async { Ok(2) }));
+        });
+        assert_eq!(rx.await.unwrap().unwrap(), 2);
+    }
+}
@@ -26,18 +26,21 @@ const RESET: &str = "\x1b[0m";
 const VLLM_TIME_FORMAT: &[time::format_description::FormatItem<'static>] =
    format_description!("[month]-[day] [hour]:[minute]:[second]");

-const PROCESS_LABEL: &str = "RustFrontend";
-
 /// Install the process-wide vLLM-style tracing subscriber for the CLI binary.
-pub(crate) fn init_tracing() {
+pub(crate) fn init_tracing(process_label: &str) {
    let filter = build_targets_filter(
        env::var("VLLM_LOGGING_LEVEL").ok().as_deref(),
        env::var("RUST_LOG").ok().as_deref(),
    );
-    let formatter = VllmEventFormatter::new();
+    let formatter = VllmEventFormatter::new(process_label);

    let _ = tracing_subscriber::registry()
-        .with(tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer().event_format(formatter).with_filter(filter))
+        .with(
+            tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer()
+                .event_format(formatter)
+                .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
+                .with_filter(filter),
+        )
        .try_init();
 }

@@ -94,9 +97,9 @@ struct VllmEventFormatter {
 }

 impl VllmEventFormatter {
-    fn new() -> Self {
+    fn new(process_label: &str) -> Self {
        Self {
-            prefix: format!("({} pid={})", PROCESS_LABEL, process::id()),
+            prefix: format!("({process_label} pid={})", process::id()),
            timer: VllmLocalTimer::default(),
        }
    }
@@ -291,6 +294,13 @@ fn map_python_log_level(level: &str) -> LevelFilter {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn formatter_prefix_uses_process_label() {
+        let formatter = VllmEventFormatter::new("Bench");
+
+        assert_eq!(formatter.prefix, format!("(Bench pid={})", process::id()));
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn rust_log_target_overrides_are_merged_with_vllm_default_level() {
        let filter = build_targets_filter(Some("DEBUG"), Some("hyper=warn,tower=error"));
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod cli;
 mod logging;

 use std::env;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::process::ExitStatus;

 use anyhow::{Context, Result, anyhow, bail};
@@ -82,7 +83,14 @@ fn shutdown_signal() -> CancellationToken {
 }

 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    logging::init_tracing();
+    let process_label =
+        match env::args_os().nth(1).as_deref().and_then(OsStr::to_str).unwrap_or_default() {
+            "bench" => "Bench",
+            "serve" | "frontend" => "RustFrontend",
+            _ => "Rust",
+        };
+    logging::init_tracing(process_label);
+
    let cli = Cli::parse();

    let mut runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread();
@@ -460,6 +460,12 @@ impl EngineCoreClient {
        self.inner.is_healthy()
    }

+    /// Subscribe to engine health changes. The current value is `true` while
+    /// the client is healthy and changes permanently to `false` on failure.
+    pub fn subscribe_health(&self) -> tokio::sync::watch::Receiver<bool> {
+        self.inner.subscribe_health()
+    }
+
    /// Return the first persistent health error observed by the client, if any.
    pub fn health_error(&self) -> Option<Arc<Error>> {
        self.inner.health_error()
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use arc_swap::ArcSwapOption;
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use thiserror_ext::AsReport as _;
 use tokio::runtime::Handle;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tokio::sync::{mpsc, watch};
 use tracing::{debug, info, trace, warn};
 use vllm_metrics::METRICS;
 use zeromq::RouterSendHalf;
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ClientInner {
    request_reg: Mutex<RequestRegistry>,
    utility_reg: Mutex<UtilityRegistry>,
    health_error: ArcSwapOption<Error>,
+    health_tx: watch::Sender<bool>,
 }

 impl ClientInner {
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ impl ClientInner {
            request_reg: Mutex::new(RequestRegistry::new(engines)),
            utility_reg: Mutex::new(UtilityRegistry::default()),
            health_error: ArcSwapOption::empty(),
+            health_tx: watch::Sender::new(true),
        }
    }

@@ -169,6 +171,7 @@ impl ClientInner {
    /// persistent health error.
    pub fn close_registries(&self, error: Arc<Error>) {
        let persistent_error = self.record_health_error(error);
+        self.publish_unhealthy();
        let request_senders = self.request_reg.lock().close();
        let utility_senders = self.utility_reg.lock().close();

@@ -191,6 +194,12 @@ impl ClientInner {
        self.health_error.load().is_none()
    }

+    /// Subscribe to engine health changes. The current value is `true` while
+    /// the client is healthy and changes permanently to `false` on failure.
+    pub fn subscribe_health(&self) -> watch::Receiver<bool> {
+        self.health_tx.subscribe()
+    }
+
    /// Resolve one utility output to the waiting caller. Returns `true` if a
    /// waiting caller existed.
    pub fn resolve_utility_output(&self, output: UtilityOutput) -> bool {
@@ -280,6 +289,11 @@ impl ClientInner {
            .expect("health error must be recorded before registries close")
    }

+    /// Publish the sticky healthy-to-unhealthy transition.
+    fn publish_unhealthy(&self) {
+        self.health_tx.send_if_modified(|healthy| std::mem::replace(healthy, false));
+    }
+
    /// Assert there is a recorded health error and return a `Shared` variant
    /// wrapping it for error returns when the client is already closed.
    fn closed_error(&self) -> Error {
@@ -461,13 +475,18 @@ mod tests {
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn close_registries_records_first_health_error_only() {
        let inner = test_inner().await;
+        let mut health = inner.subscribe_health();
+        assert!(*health.borrow());

        inner.close_registries(Arc::new(Error::EngineCoreDead));
+        health.changed().await.expect("health sender remains open");
        assert!(!inner.is_healthy());
+        assert!(!*health.borrow());
        assert!(matches!(
            inner.health_error().as_deref(),
            Some(Error::EngineCoreDead)
        ));
+        assert!(!*inner.subscribe_health().borrow());

        inner.close_registries(Arc::new(client_closed!("shutdown")));
        assert!(matches!(
@@ -269,6 +269,19 @@ impl WireLogprobs {
            );
        }

+        // Empty position lists may be encoded as either [0, 0] or [0, k + 1].
+        if token_ids.rows == 0 {
+            return Ok(Logprobs {
+                positions: Vec::new(),
+            });
+        }
+        if token_ids.cols == 0 {
+            bail_ext_value_decode!(
+                "{field_prefix}: zero-column logprobs payload with {} rows",
+                token_ids.rows
+            );
+        }
+
        let mut positions = Vec::with_capacity(token_ids.rows);
        for ((token_ids_row, logprobs_row), sampled_rank) in token_ids
            .data
@@ -303,3 +303,49 @@ fn rejects_non_none_cu_num_generated_tokens() {
        "messagepack ext value decode failed: new_logprobs.cu_num_generated_tokens: expected None for per-request engine-core logprobs payload, got [0, 1]"
    );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn decodes_zero_row_logprobs_as_empty() {
+    for shape in [[0usize, 0], [0, 3]] {
+        let frames = vec![Bytes::from(encode_value(&output_wire_with_custom_fields(
+            None,
+            Some(Value::Array(vec![
+                ndarray_value("<i8", &shape, Value::Ext(3, Vec::new())),
+                ndarray_value("<f4", &shape, Value::Ext(3, Vec::new())),
+                ndarray_value("<i8", &[0], Value::Ext(3, Vec::new())),
+                Value::Nil,
+            ])),
+        )))];
+        let decoded = decode_engine_core_outputs(&frames).unwrap().into_request_batch().unwrap();
+        let logprobs = decoded.outputs[0]
+            .new_prompt_logprobs_tensors
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_direct()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(logprobs.is_empty());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rejects_zero_column_logprobs_with_rows() {
+    let ranks = Value::Ext(3, vec![1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+    let frames = vec![Bytes::from(encode_value(&output_wire_with_custom_fields(
+        Some(Value::Array(vec![
+            ndarray_value("<i8", &[2, 0], Value::Ext(3, Vec::new())),
+            ndarray_value("<f4", &[2, 0], Value::Ext(3, Vec::new())),
+            ndarray_value("<i8", &[2], ranks),
+            Value::Nil,
+        ])),
+        None,
+    )))];
+
+    let error = decode_engine_core_outputs(&frames).unwrap_err();
+    let crate::error::Error::ExtValueDecode { message } = &error else {
+        panic!("expected ExtValueDecode");
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        message,
+        "new_logprobs: zero-column logprobs payload with 2 rows"
+    );
+}
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ tokio-openssl.workspace = true
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
 tokio-util.workspace = true
 tonic.workspace = true
+tonic-health.workspace = true
 tonic-prost.workspace = true
 tower.workspace = true
 tower-http.workspace = true
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
+
+use tokio::sync::watch;
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+use tonic::server::NamedService;
+use tonic_health::ServingStatus;
+use tonic_health::server::HealthReporter;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use super::GenerateGrpcService;
+
+pub(crate) async fn monitor_health(
+    mut health_reporter: HealthReporter,
+    mut engine_health: watch::Receiver<bool>,
+    shutdown: CancellationToken,
+) {
+    let generate_service = GenerateGrpcService::NAME;
+    let status = ServingStatus::NotServing;
+    let health_event_first = tokio::select! {
+        result = engine_health.wait_for(|healthy| !*healthy) => {
+            match result {
+                Ok(_) => warn!(
+                    generate_service,
+                    overall_service = true,
+                    status = ?status,
+                    reason = "engine_unhealthy",
+                    "marking gRPC health services as not serving"
+                ),
+                Err(error) => warn!(
+                    %error,
+                    generate_service,
+                    overall_service = true,
+                    status = ?status,
+                    reason = "health_channel_closed",
+                    "engine health channel closed; marking gRPC health services as not serving"
+                ),
+            }
+            true
+        }
+        _ = shutdown.cancelled() => {
+            info!(
+                generate_service,
+                overall_service = true,
+                status = ?status,
+                reason = "server_shutdown",
+                "server shutting down; marking gRPC health services as not serving"
+            );
+            false
+        }
+    };
+
+    health_reporter.set_not_serving::<GenerateGrpcService>().await;
+    // Generate is currently the only engine-backed gRPC service, so overall
+    // server health intentionally mirrors it.
+    health_reporter.set_service_status("", status).await;
+
+    if health_event_first {
+        shutdown.cancelled().await;
+        info!(
+            generate_service,
+            overall_service = true,
+            reason = "server_shutdown",
+            "server shutting down; closing gRPC health watches"
+        );
+    }
+
+    health_reporter.clear_service_status(generate_service).await;
+    health_reporter.clear_service_status("").await;
+}
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 //! gRPC Generate service backed by the shared [`vllm_text::TextLlm`] facade.

 mod convert;
+mod health;

 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -24,8 +25,11 @@ pub mod pb {
    tonic::include_proto!("vllm");
 }

+pub(crate) use health::monitor_health;
 pub use pb::generate_server::GenerateServer;

+pub(crate) type GenerateGrpcService = GenerateServer<GenerateServiceImpl>;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt as _, AsyncWriteExt as _};
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio_openssl::SslStream;
 use tonic::transport::{Channel, Endpoint, Server as TonicServer, Uri};
+use tonic_health::pb::HealthCheckRequest;
+use tonic_health::pb::health_check_response::ServingStatus as HealthServingStatus;
+use tonic_health::pb::health_client::HealthClient;
+use tonic_health::server::health_reporter;
 use tower::service_fn;
 use vllm_chat::{
    ChatBackend, ChatLlm, ChatRenderer, ChatRequest, ChatTextBackend, DefaultChatOutputProcessor,
@@ -200,7 +204,11 @@ impl ChatRenderer for FakeTextBackend {
 async fn setup_grpc_service(
    engine_id: impl Into<EngineId>,
    output_specs: Vec<(Vec<u32>, Option<EngineCoreFinishReason>)>,
-) -> (GenerateServer<GenerateServiceImpl>, MockEngineTask) {
+) -> (
+    GenerateServer<GenerateServiceImpl>,
+    tokio::sync::watch::Receiver<bool>,
+    MockEngineTask,
+) {
    let ipc = IpcNamespace::new().expect("create ipc namespace");
    let handshake_address = ipc.handshake_endpoint();
    let engine_id = engine_id.into();
@@ -232,6 +240,7 @@ async fn setup_grpc_service(
    )
    .await
    .expect("connect client");
+    let engine_health = client.subscribe_health();

    let chat = ChatLlm::from_shared_backend(
        test_llm(client),
@@ -240,6 +249,7 @@ async fn setup_grpc_service(
    let state = Arc::new(AppState::new(vec!["test-model".to_string()], chat));
    (
        GenerateServer::new(GenerateServiceImpl::new(state)),
+        engine_health,
        engine_task,
    )
 }
@@ -254,25 +264,51 @@ async fn grpc_test_server(
    tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
    MockEngineTask,
 ) {
-    let (svc, engine_task) = setup_grpc_service(engine_id, output_specs).await;
+    let (svc, engine_health, engine_task) = setup_grpc_service(engine_id, output_specs).await;
+    let (channel, server_task) = start_grpc_test_server(
+        svc,
+        engine_health,
+        tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken::new(),
+    )
+    .await;
+    (GenerateClient::new(channel), server_task, engine_task)
+}
+
+async fn start_grpc_test_server(
+    generate_service: GenerateServer<GenerateServiceImpl>,
+    engine_health: tokio::sync::watch::Receiver<bool>,
+    shutdown: tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken,
+) -> (Channel, tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>) {
+    let (health_reporter, health_service) = health_reporter();
+    health_reporter.set_serving::<GenerateServer<GenerateServiceImpl>>().await;

    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.expect("bind grpc listener");
    let addr = listener.local_addr().expect("local addr");

    let server_task = tokio::spawn(async move {
        let incoming = MaybeTlsListener::plain(Listener::Tcp(listener));
-        TonicServer::builder()
-            .add_service(svc)
-            .serve_with_incoming(incoming)
-            .await
-            .expect("grpc server");
+        let server = TonicServer::builder()
+            .add_service(health_service)
+            .add_service(generate_service)
+            .serve_with_incoming_shutdown(incoming, shutdown.clone().cancelled_owned());
+        let health_monitor =
+            super::monitor_health(health_reporter, engine_health, shutdown.clone());
+        let server = async move {
+            let result = server.await;
+            shutdown.cancel();
+            result
+        };
+        let (server_result, ()) = tokio::join!(server, health_monitor);
+        server_result.expect("grpc server");
    });

-    let grpc_client = GenerateClient::connect(format!("http://{addr}"))
+    let channel = Endpoint::from_shared(format!("http://{addr}"))
+        .expect("grpc endpoint")
+        .connect()
        .await
-        .expect("connect grpc client");
+        .expect("connect grpc channel");

-    (grpc_client, server_task, engine_task)
+    (channel, server_task)
 }

 /// Spin up a TLS gRPC server (server cert from `certs`, `cert_reqs` mTLS mode).
@@ -283,7 +319,7 @@ async fn grpc_tls_test_server(
    certs: &TestCerts,
    cert_reqs: i32,
 ) -> (String, tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>, MockEngineTask) {
-    let (svc, engine_task) = setup_grpc_service(engine_id, output_specs).await;
+    let (svc, _engine_health, engine_task) = setup_grpc_service(engine_id, output_specs).await;
    let context = tls::build_grpc_server_config(&server_tls(certs, cert_reqs))
        .expect("build grpc tls config");

@@ -373,7 +409,8 @@ async fn grpc_server_with_keepalive(
    engine_id: impl Into<EngineId>,
    keepalive: Option<Duration>,
 ) -> (String, tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>, MockEngineTask) {
-    let (svc, engine_task) = setup_grpc_service(engine_id, default_stream_output_specs()).await;
+    let (svc, _engine_health, engine_task) =
+        setup_grpc_service(engine_id, default_stream_output_specs()).await;

    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.expect("bind grpc listener");
    let addr = listener.local_addr().expect("local addr").to_string();
@@ -1035,3 +1072,129 @@ async fn grpc_without_keepalive_keeps_unresponsive_connection_open() {

    server_task.abort();
 }
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+#[serial]
+async fn grpc_health_transitions_to_not_serving_when_engine_becomes_unhealthy() {
+    let (generate_service, _connected_engine_health, _engine_task) =
+        setup_grpc_service(b"engine-grpc-health-failure", default_stream_output_specs()).await;
+    let (engine_health_tx, engine_health) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(true);
+    let (channel, server_task) = start_grpc_test_server(
+        generate_service,
+        engine_health,
+        tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken::new(),
+    )
+    .await;
+    let mut health_client = HealthClient::new(channel);
+
+    let mut health_streams = Vec::new();
+    for service in ["vllm.Generate", ""] {
+        let service_label = if service.is_empty() {
+            "overall"
+        } else {
+            service
+        };
+        let mut stream = health_client
+            .watch(HealthCheckRequest {
+                service: service.to_string(),
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+                panic!("failed to start health watch for {service_label}: {error}")
+            })
+            .into_inner();
+        let initial = stream
+            .message()
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+                panic!("failed to read initial health status for {service_label}: {error}")
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("health watch for {service_label} ended before its initial status")
+            });
+        assert_eq!(
+            initial.status,
+            HealthServingStatus::Serving as i32,
+            "unexpected initial health status for {service_label}"
+        );
+        health_streams.push((service_label, stream));
+    }
+
+    engine_health_tx.send(false).expect("publish unhealthy engine state");
+
+    for (service_label, mut stream) in health_streams {
+        let update = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), stream.message())
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("timed out waiting for health update for {service_label}"))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+                panic!("failed to read health update for {service_label}: {error}")
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("health watch for {service_label} ended before its update"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            update.status,
+            HealthServingStatus::NotServing as i32,
+            "unexpected health status for {service_label}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    server_task.abort();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+#[serial]
+async fn grpc_health_watch_closes_on_graceful_shutdown() {
+    let (generate_service, engine_health, _engine_task) = setup_grpc_service(
+        b"engine-grpc-health-shutdown",
+        default_stream_output_specs(),
+    )
+    .await;
+    let shutdown = tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken::new();
+    let (channel, server_task) =
+        start_grpc_test_server(generate_service, engine_health, shutdown.clone()).await;
+    let mut health_client = HealthClient::new(channel);
+    let mut stream = health_client
+        .watch(HealthCheckRequest {
+            service: "vllm.Generate".to_string(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("start health watch for vllm.Generate")
+        .into_inner();
+
+    let initial = stream
+        .message()
+        .await
+        .expect("read initial health status for vllm.Generate")
+        .expect("health watch ended before its initial status");
+    assert_eq!(
+        initial.status,
+        HealthServingStatus::Serving as i32,
+        "unexpected initial health status for vllm.Generate"
+    );
+
+    shutdown.cancel();
+
+    let update = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), stream.message())
+        .await
+        .expect("timed out waiting for shutdown health update for vllm.Generate")
+        .expect("failed to read shutdown health update for vllm.Generate")
+        .expect("health watch ended before its shutdown update");
+    assert_eq!(
+        update.status,
+        HealthServingStatus::NotServing as i32,
+        "unexpected shutdown health status for vllm.Generate"
+    );
+
+    let stream_end = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), stream.message())
+        .await
+        .expect("timed out waiting for vllm.Generate health watch to close")
+        .expect("failed while closing vllm.Generate health watch");
+    assert!(
+        stream_end.is_none(),
+        "vllm.Generate health watch remained open"
+    );
+
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), server_task)
+        .await
+        .expect("timed out waiting for gRPC server shutdown")
+        .expect("gRPC server task failed");
+}
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 use tokio::time::{Instant, sleep_until};
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tonic::transport::Server as TonicServer;
+use tonic_health::server::health_reporter;
 use tower::ServiceExt as _;
 use tracing::{info, trace, warn};
 use vllm_chat::{ChatLlm, LoadModelBackendsOptions, load_model_backends};
@@ -203,14 +204,19 @@ where
            .map(tls::build_grpc_server_config)
            .transpose()
            .context("invalid gRPC TLS configuration")?;
-        let svc = grpc::GenerateServer::new(grpc::GenerateServiceImpl::new(state.clone()));
+        let (health_reporter, health_service) = health_reporter();
+        let engine_health = state.engine_core_client().subscribe_health();
+        health_reporter.set_serving::<grpc::GenerateGrpcService>().await;
+        let generate_service =
+            grpc::GenerateGrpcService::new(grpc::GenerateServiceImpl::new(state.clone()));
        let svc = TonicServer::builder()
            .http2_keepalive_interval(Some(GRPC_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL))
            .http2_keepalive_timeout(Some(GRPC_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT))
            .layer(middleware::request_runtime_layer(state.clone()))
-            .add_service(svc);
+            .add_service(health_service)
+            .add_service(generate_service);
        info!(%addr, tls = grpc_tls.is_some(), "starting gRPC server");
-        Some((grpc_listener, svc, grpc_tls))
+        Some((grpc_listener, svc, grpc_tls, health_reporter, engine_health))
    } else {
        None
    };
@@ -294,7 +300,8 @@ where
        let server_shutdown = server_shutdown.clone();
        let force_shutdown = force_shutdown.clone();
        async move {
-            let Some((grpc_listener, svc, grpc_tls)) = grpc_setup else {
+            let Some((grpc_listener, svc, grpc_tls, health_reporter, engine_health)) = grpc_setup
+            else {
                // No gRPC configured: just wait for shutdown so we do not race the
                // join! by resolving early and tripping the cancellation token.
                shutdown.cancelled().await;
@@ -304,19 +311,26 @@ where
                Some(context) => MaybeTlsListener::tls(grpc_listener, context),
                None => MaybeTlsListener::plain(grpc_listener),
            };
-            let server = svc.serve_with_incoming_shutdown(incoming, shutdown.cancelled_owned());
+            let server =
+                svc.serve_with_incoming_shutdown(incoming, shutdown.clone().cancelled_owned());
+            let health_monitor = grpc::monitor_health(health_reporter, engine_health, shutdown);

-            let result = tokio::select! {
-                result = server => {
-                    result.context("gRPC server failed")
-                }
-                _ = force_shutdown.cancelled() => {
-                    warn!("gRPC graceful shutdown deadline elapsed; aborting server");
-                    Ok(())
-                }
+            let server = async move {
+                let result = tokio::select! {
+                    result = server => {
+                        result.context("gRPC server failed")
+                    }
+                    _ = force_shutdown.cancelled() => {
+                        warn!("gRPC graceful shutdown deadline elapsed; aborting server");
+                        Ok(())
+                    }
+                };
+
+                server_shutdown.cancel();
+                result
            };

-            server_shutdown.cancel();
+            let (result, ()) = tokio::join!(server, health_monitor);
            result
        }
    };
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ def test_worker_apply_lora(qwen3_lora_files):
            runner_type="generate",
            max_num_batched_tokens=32,
            max_num_seqs=32,
-            max_num_partial_prefills=32,
        ),
        device_config=DeviceConfig(DEVICE_TYPE),
        cache_config=CacheConfig(
@@ -70,7 +70,19 @@ def _assert_video_outputs(processor, processed) -> None:
    merge_size = processor.info.get_hf_config().vision_config.spatial_merge_size
    expected_tokens = int(grid_thw.prod()) // merge_size**2
    video_token_id = processor.info.get_hf_config().video_token_id
-    assert processed["prompt_token_ids"].count(video_token_id) == expected_tokens
+    prompt_token_ids = processed["prompt_token_ids"]
+    assert prompt_token_ids.count(video_token_id) == expected_tokens
+
+    hf_processor = processor.info.get_hf_processor()
+    expected_frame_wrappers = int(grid_thw[:, 0].sum())
+    assert (
+        prompt_token_ids.count(hf_processor.vision_start_token_id)
+        == expected_frame_wrappers
+    )
+    assert (
+        prompt_token_ids.count(hf_processor.vision_end_token_id)
+        == expected_frame_wrappers
+    )


@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_images", [1, 2])
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ def test_cosmos3_edge_checkpoint_weights_mapper():
                "layers.0.self_attn.to_add_out.weight",
                "layers.0.self_attn.norm_added_q.weight",
                "layers.0.self_attn.norm_added_k.weight",
+                "layers.0.self_attn.k_norm_und_for_gen.weight",
                "layers.0.self_attn.q_proj_moe_gen.weight",
                "layers.0.mlp_moe_gen.up_proj.weight",
                "norm_moe_gen.weight",
@@ -304,6 +304,13 @@ def test_pynvvideocodec_decoder_slot_retains_simple_decoder():
 # ============================================================================


+def test_cosmos3_edge_uses_qwen3_vl_video_backend():
+    backend = get_video_loader_backend_for_processor("Cosmos3EdgeVideoProcessor")
+
+    assert backend == "qwen3_vl"
+    assert isinstance(VIDEO_LOADER_REGISTRY.load(backend), Qwen3VLVideoBackend)
+
+
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "model_repo, expected_loader_cls, hf_sample_kwargs",
    [
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ def _check_dense_embedding(data, index=0):
 def _check_sparse_embedding(data, check_tokens=False):
    expected_weights = [
        {"token_id": 32, "weight": 0.0552978515625, "token": "?"},
-        {"token_id": 70, "weight": 0.09808349609375, "token": "the"},
-        {"token_id": 83, "weight": 0.08154296875, "token": "is"},
-        {"token_id": 111, "weight": 0.11810302734375, "token": "of"},
-        {"token_id": 4865, "weight": 0.1171875, "token": "What"},
-        {"token_id": 9942, "weight": 0.292236328125, "token": "France"},
-        {"token_id": 10323, "weight": 0.2802734375, "token": "capital"},
+        {"token_id": 70, "weight": 0.09808349609375, "token": " the"},
+        {"token_id": 83, "weight": 0.08154296875, "token": " is"},
+        {"token_id": 111, "weight": 0.11810302734375, "token": " of"},
+        {"token_id": 4865, "weight": 0.1171875, "token": " What"},
+        {"token_id": 9942, "weight": 0.292236328125, "token": " France"},
+        {"token_id": 10323, "weight": 0.2802734375, "token": " capital"},
    ]
    expected_embed = {x["token_id"]: x for x in expected_weights}

@@ -93,9 +93,6 @@ def test_online_quantization(
    use_rocm_aiter: bool,
    monkeypatch,
 ) -> None:
-    if kv_cache_dtype == "fp8" and current_platform.is_device_capability_family(90):
-        pytest.skip("FA3 currently rejects FP8 KV cache output dtype on SM90")
-
    if use_rocm_aiter:
        monkeypatch.setenv("VLLM_ROCM_USE_AITER", "1")

@@ -105,9 +102,15 @@ def test_online_quantization(
    if force_marlin:
        monkeypatch.setenv("VLLM_TEST_FORCE_FP8_MARLIN", "1")

+    model_dtype = "auto"
+    if kv_cache_dtype == "fp8" and current_platform.is_device_capability_family(90):
+        # FA3 requires BF16 output when the query input is FP8.
+        model_dtype = "bfloat16"
+
    with vllm_runner(
        "facebook/opt-125m",
        quantization="fp8",
+        dtype=model_dtype,
        enforce_eager=True,
        kv_cache_dtype=kv_cache_dtype,
    ) as llm:
@@ -83,6 +83,11 @@ DECODE_BLOCK_SIZE=${DECODE_BLOCK_SIZE:-128}
 ENFORCE_EAGER=${ENFORCE_EAGER:-1}
 # Comma-separated extra args for vllm serve (e.g. --max-model-len,2048)
 VLLM_SERVE_EXTRA_ARGS=${VLLM_SERVE_EXTRA_ARGS:-}
+# Pin concurrent prefiller and non-DP decoder engines to separate internal
+# port windows. DP decoder ranks retain their existing internal port selection.
+PREFILLER_INTERNAL_PORT_BASE=${PREFILLER_INTERNAL_PORT_BASE:-20000}
+DECODER_INTERNAL_PORT_BASE=${DECODER_INTERNAL_PORT_BASE:-30000}
+INTERNAL_PORT_STRIDE=${INTERNAL_PORT_STRIDE:-100}

 # Resolve the repository root from the script location instead of `.git`.
 # The ROCm CI image copies `/vllm-workspace` without the Git metadata, so
@@ -154,12 +159,14 @@ run_tests_for_model() {
    PORT=$((8100 + i))
    # Calculate side channel port. Avoid clash with with TP workers.
    SIDE_CHANNEL_PORT=$((5559 + i))
+    INTERNAL_PORT=$((PREFILLER_INTERNAL_PORT_BASE + i * INTERNAL_PORT_STRIDE))

    echo "Starting prefill instance $i on GPU $GPU_ID, port $PORT"

    # Build the command with or without model-specific args
    BASE_CMD="CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$GPU_ID \
    VLLM_KV_CACHE_LAYOUT='HND' \
+    VLLM_PORT=$INTERNAL_PORT \
    UCX_NET_DEVICES=all \
    VLLM_NIXL_SIDE_CHANNEL_PORT=$SIDE_CHANNEL_PORT \
    vllm serve $model_name \
@@ -208,12 +215,18 @@ run_tests_for_model() {
    PORT=$((8200 + i))
    # Calculate side channel port
    SIDE_CHANNEL_PORT=$((5659 + i * $DECODER_TP_SIZE))
+    INTERNAL_PORT=$((DECODER_INTERNAL_PORT_BASE + i * INTERNAL_PORT_STRIDE))
+    DECODER_INTERNAL_PORT_ENV=
+    if [[ -z "${DP_EP:-}" ]]; then
+      DECODER_INTERNAL_PORT_ENV="VLLM_PORT=$INTERNAL_PORT"
+    fi

    echo "Starting decode instance $i on GPU $GPU_ID, port $PORT"

    # Build the command with or without model-specific args
    BASE_CMD="CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=$GPU_ID \
    VLLM_KV_CACHE_LAYOUT=$DECODER_KV_LAYOUT \
+    $DECODER_INTERNAL_PORT_ENV \
    UCX_NET_DEVICES=all \
    VLLM_NIXL_SIDE_CHANNEL_PORT=$SIDE_CHANNEL_PORT \
    vllm serve $model_name \
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ from tests.v1.kv_connector.unit.offloading_connector.utils import (
 )
 from tests.v1.kv_connector.unit.utils import EOS_TOKEN_ID
 from vllm.distributed.kv_events import MEDIUM_CPU, BlockRemoved, BlockStored
+from vllm.distributed.kv_transfer.kv_connector.v1.offloading.common import (
+    OffloadingConnectorMetadata,
+)
 from vllm.distributed.kv_transfer.kv_connector.v1.offloading.metrics import (
    OffloadingConnectorStats,
    _ConnectorMetricName,
@@ -109,6 +112,40 @@ def test_last_block_offloaded_at_request_finish(
    )


+@pytest.mark.parametrize("async_scheduling", [True, False])
+def test_abort_queued_request_does_not_build_store_job(
+    request_runner, async_scheduling: bool
+):
+    """Aborting a never-scheduled request must not store unallocated KV."""
+    block_size = 4
+    runner = request_runner(
+        block_size=block_size,
+        num_gpu_blocks=8,
+        async_scheduling=async_scheduling,
+    )
+
+    runner.new_request(token_ids=[0] * (block_size * 4))
+    runner.scheduler.schedule()
+
+    runner.new_request(token_ids=[1] * (block_size * 4))
+    queued_req_id = str(runner.req_id)
+    assert any(
+        request.request_id == queued_req_id for request in runner.scheduler.waiting
+    )
+
+    runner.scheduler.finish_requests(queued_req_id, RequestStatus.FINISHED_ABORTED)
+    req_status = runner.connector_scheduler._req_status[queued_req_id]
+    assert all(group_state.offload_keys for group_state in req_status.group_states)
+    assert all(not group_state.block_ids for group_state in req_status.group_states)
+
+    scheduler_output = runner.scheduler.schedule()
+
+    metadata = scheduler_output.kv_connector_metadata
+    assert isinstance(metadata, OffloadingConnectorMetadata)
+    assert all(job.req_id != queued_req_id for job in metadata.store_jobs.values())
+    assert queued_req_id not in runner.connector_scheduler._req_status
+
+
 def test_scheduler_reports_lookup_sync_delay(request_runner):
    runner = request_runner(
        block_size=4,
@@ -125,8 +125,7 @@ def test_register_kv_caches(backend):
    own dedicated tensors.

    Uses the real GPUModelRunner.initialize_kv_cache_tensors to produce
-    kv_caches, which automatically applies
-    _update_hybrid_attention_mamba_layout for hybrid models.
+    the raw per-layer kv_caches registered by the connector.

    Verifies that the canonicalized CanonicalKVCaches has the correct
    block tensors, tensor_idx references, and page sizes across all groups.
@@ -5,13 +5,11 @@ import torch
 from torch import Generator

 from tests.utils import large_gpu_mark
-from vllm.model_executor.layers.vocab_parallel_embedding import pad_vocab_size
 from vllm.platforms import current_platform
 from vllm.triton_utils import HAS_TRITON
 from vllm.utils.torch_utils import set_random_seed
 from vllm.v1.sample.ops.topk_topp_sampler import (
    apply_top_k_top_p_pytorch,
-    flashinfer_sample,
    random_sample,
 )
 from vllm.v1.sample.sampler import Sampler
@@ -1045,39 +1043,3 @@ class TestFlashInferDistributionMatch:
            f"{label}: distribution differs from theoretical: "
            f"chi2={chi2:.2f} p_value={p_value:.2e} alpha={self.ALPHA}"
        )
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(
-    not FLASHINFER_TOPK_TOPP_SUPPORTED,
-    reason="FlashInfer top-k/top-p sampler is not available on this platform.",
-)
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.bfloat16, torch.float32])
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("k, p", [(20, 0.95), (20, None), (None, 0.95)])
-def test_flashinfer_sample_padded_vocab(
-    dtype: torch.dtype, k: int | None, p: float | None
-):
-    """flashinfer_sample must accept the logits the sampler actually hands it.
-
-    compute_logits slices the padding off the vocab, so for a vocab that isn't a
-    multiple of 64 (e.g. opt's 50272) the logits are a strided view in the model
-    dtype, while FlashInfer requires contiguous fp32.
-    """
-    torch.set_default_device(DEVICE_TYPE)
-    batch_size = 8
-    org_vocab_size = 50272
-    padded_vocab_size = pad_vocab_size(org_vocab_size)
-    assert padded_vocab_size != org_vocab_size
-
-    logits = torch.randn(batch_size, padded_vocab_size, dtype=dtype)[
-        ..., :org_vocab_size
-    ]
-    # A single row stays contiguous despite the padded stride, hence batch_size > 1.
-    assert not logits.is_contiguous()
-
-    token_ids = flashinfer_sample(
-        logits,
-        torch.full((batch_size,), k, dtype=torch.int32) if k is not None else None,
-        torch.full((batch_size,), p, dtype=torch.float32) if p is not None else None,
-    )
-    assert token_ids.shape == (batch_size,)
-    assert torch.all((token_ids >= 0) & (token_ids < org_vocab_size))
@@ -36,6 +36,22 @@ def rust_extensions(*, optional: bool = False) -> list[RustExtension]:
    ]


+def write_coverage_objects(extensions: list[RustExtension], output: Path) -> None:
+    artifacts = []
+    for extension in extensions:
+        for target in sorted(set(extension.target.values())):
+            target_path = ROOT_DIR.joinpath(*target.split("."))
+            if extension.binding == Binding.Exec:
+                matches = [target_path]
+            else:
+                matches = sorted(target_path.parent.glob(f"{target_path.name}*.so"))
+            if len(matches) != 1 or not matches[0].is_file():
+                raise RuntimeError(f"unable to locate Rust artifact for {target}")
+            artifacts.append(matches[0].relative_to(ROOT_DIR).as_posix())
+
+    output.write_text("\n".join(artifacts) + "\n")
+
+
 def rust_py_extension_module_names() -> list[str]:
    module_names = []
    for extension in rust_extensions():
@@ -52,12 +68,15 @@ def rust_py_extension_module_names() -> list[str]:
 def build_binary(build_rust_args: list[str]) -> None:
    os.chdir(ROOT_DIR)
    (ROOT_DIR / "vllm").mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+    extensions = rust_extensions(optional=False)
    setup(
        name="vllm-rust-frontend-build",
        packages=[],
-        rust_extensions=rust_extensions(optional=False),
+        rust_extensions=extensions,
        script_args=["build_rust", "--quiet", "--inplace", *build_rust_args],
    )
+    if output := os.getenv("VLLM_RUST_COVERAGE_OBJECTS"):
+        write_coverage_objects(extensions, Path(output))


 def main() -> None:
@@ -67,16 +67,6 @@ class SchedulerConfig:
    In real usage, this should be set in `EngineArgs.create_engine_config`.
    """

-    max_num_partial_prefills: int = Field(default=1, ge=1)
-    """For chunked prefill, the maximum number of sequences that can be
-    partially prefilled concurrently."""
-
-    max_long_partial_prefills: int = Field(default=1, ge=1)
-    """For chunked prefill, the maximum number of prompts longer than
-    long_prefill_token_threshold that will be prefilled concurrently. Setting
-    this less than max_num_partial_prefills will allow shorter prompts to jump
-    the queue in front of longer prompts in some cases, improving latency."""
-
    long_prefill_token_threshold: int = Field(default=0, ge=0)
    """For chunked prefill, a request is considered long if the prompt is
    longer than this number of tokens. 0 disables the cap (default)."""
@@ -254,19 +244,6 @@ class SchedulerConfig:
                self.max_num_batched_tokens,
            )

-        if self.max_num_partial_prefills > 1:
-            if self.long_prefill_token_threshold == 0:
-                self.long_prefill_token_threshold = int(max_model_len * 0.04)
-
-            logger.info(
-                "Concurrent partial prefills enabled with "
-                "max_num_partial_prefills=%d, max_long_partial_prefills=%d, "
-                "long_prefill_token_threshold=%d",
-                self.max_num_partial_prefills,
-                self.max_long_partial_prefills,
-                self.long_prefill_token_threshold,
-            )
-
        self.verify_max_model_len(max_model_len)

    def verify_max_model_len(self, max_model_len: int) -> Self:
@@ -298,24 +275,11 @@ class SchedulerConfig:
                self.max_num_seqs * max_model_len,
            )

-        if self.max_num_partial_prefills > 1:
-            if not self.enable_chunked_prefill:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "Chunked prefill must be enabled to set "
-                    "max_num_partial_prefills > 1."
-                )
-
-            if self.long_prefill_token_threshold > max_model_len:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "long_prefill_token_threshold "
-                    f"({self.long_prefill_token_threshold}) cannot be greater "
-                    f"than the max_model_len ({max_model_len})."
-                )
-
-        if self.max_long_partial_prefills > self.max_num_partial_prefills:
+        if self.long_prefill_token_threshold > max_model_len:
            raise ValueError(
-                f"{self.max_long_partial_prefills=} must be less than or equal to "
-                f"{self.max_num_partial_prefills=}."
+                "long_prefill_token_threshold "
+                f"({self.long_prefill_token_threshold}) cannot be greater "
+                f"than the max_model_len ({max_model_len})."
            )

        return self
@@ -21,12 +21,10 @@ from vllm.logger import init_logger
 from vllm.model_executor.layers.attention_layer_base import AttentionLayerBase
 from vllm.platforms import current_platform
 from vllm.v1.attention.backend import AttentionBackend
-from vllm.v1.kv_cache_interface import MambaSpec
 from vllm.v1.outputs import KVConnectorOutput, ModelRunnerOutput

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from vllm.distributed.kv_transfer.kv_connector.base import KVConnectorBase
-    from vllm.v1.kv_cache_interface import KVCacheSpec

 logger = init_logger(__name__)

@@ -594,32 +592,6 @@ class TransferTopology:
        abs_ratio = -tp_ratio
        return [self.tp_rank * abs_ratio + i for i in range(abs_ratio)]

-    def get_transfer_cache_regions(
-        self, cache: torch.Tensor, layer_spec: "KVCacheSpec"
-    ) -> list[torch.Tensor] | torch.Tensor:
-        """Return the cache tensor(s) to register as NIXL memory regions,
-        also accounting for hybrid SSM models specificities.
-        """
-        if isinstance(layer_spec, MambaSpec):
-            # Register the whole kv cache shared tensor, including
-            # SSM/Conv.
-            conv, ssm = cache
-            return [conv]
-
-        # Check may be hacky but it's matching
-        # `_update_hybrid_attention_mamba_layout`.
-        if self.is_mamba and cache.shape[0] == 2:
-            # When MAMBA is present, all backends are blocks first, so
-            # that blocks can be shared between attention layers and mamba
-            # layers.  Runner already adjusted strides for FlashAttn-like
-            # backends so its num_blocks first.
-            # Swap [2<>num_blocks] dims for hybrid SSM layout.
-            cache = cache.transpose(0, 1)
-
-        # K and V are packed into one tensor (content dim), so each layer
-        # registers as a single region.
-        return [cache]
-
    def describe(self, remote_engine_id: EngineId, remote_pp_rank: int = 0) -> str:
        """One-line summary of transfer config for logging."""
        info = self._engines[(remote_engine_id, remote_pp_rank)]
@@ -1678,9 +1678,9 @@ class MooncakeConnectorWorker:
                conv, _ = cache_or_caches
                cache_list = [conv]
            else:
-                cache_list = self.transfer_topo.get_transfer_cache_regions(
-                    cache_or_caches, layer_spec
-                )
+                # K and V are packed into one blocks-first tensor per layer,
+                # so each layer registers as a single region.
+                cache_list = [cache_or_caches]

            logger.debug(
                "registering layer %s with %d cache tensor(s)",
@@ -1092,7 +1092,7 @@ class NixlBaseConnectorWorker:
        # to better exploit the memory layout (ie num_blocks is the first dim).
        tensor_size_bytes = None

-        for layer_name, cache_or_caches in xfer_buffers.items():
+        for layer_name, cache in xfer_buffers.items():
            # NOTE (NickLucche) Hybrid SSM models assume a layout that is similar to
            # that of FI, with block laid out as in `get_backend_aware_kv_block_len`.
            # However, physical page_size may differ when kernel requires a specific
@@ -1109,9 +1109,6 @@ class NixlBaseConnectorWorker:
            if isinstance(layer_spec, UniformTypeKVCacheSpecs):
                # MLA DSv32 Indexer case: UniformTypeKVCacheSpecs merges kv_cache_specs
                layer_spec = layer_spec.kv_cache_specs[layer_name]
-            cache_list = self.transfer_topo.get_transfer_cache_regions(
-                cache_or_caches, layer_spec
-            )
            # `layer_spec.page_size_bytes` only accounts for logical page_size, that is
            # the page_size assuming constant `self._logical_num_blocks`.
            physical_page_size = (
@@ -1120,8 +1117,6 @@ class NixlBaseConnectorWorker:
                else layer_spec.page_size_bytes
                // self._physical_blocks_per_logical_kv_block
            )
-            # For when registering multiple tensors eg K/V in separate regions.
-            physical_page_size = physical_page_size // len(cache_list)
            if self.transfer_topo._cross_layers_blocks:
                # When cross-layers blocks are used, multiply by number of layers
                physical_page_size = physical_page_size * len(
@@ -1136,66 +1131,61 @@ class NixlBaseConnectorWorker:
            # [`num_blocks` * `page_size`]
            curr_tensor_size_bytes = num_blocks * physical_page_size

-            # TODO (NickLucche) we could eventually unify how we handle FA/FI regions,
-            # registering a single tensor for both K/V and splitting logically like FI.
-            for cache in cache_list:
-                base_addr = cache.data_ptr()
-                if base_addr in seen_base_addresses:
-                    # NOTE (NickLucche) HMA employs memory pooling to share tensors
-                    # across groups. This results in skipping all tensors but the ones
-                    # pointed to by group0. Also, generally we will have more blocks
-                    # per tensor but fewer regions.
-                    logger.debug("Skipping %s because it's already seen", layer_name)
-                    continue
-                logger.debug(
-                    "Registering layer %s with cache shape: %s", layer_name, cache.shape
+            base_addr = cache.data_ptr()
+            if base_addr in seen_base_addresses:
+                # NOTE (NickLucche) HMA employs memory pooling to share tensors
+                # across groups. This results in skipping all tensors but the ones
+                # pointed to by group0. Also, generally we will have more blocks
+                # per tensor but fewer regions.
+                logger.debug("Skipping %s because it's already seen", layer_name)
+                continue
+            logger.debug(
+                "Registering layer %s with cache shape: %s", layer_name, cache.shape
+            )
+            seen_base_addresses.append(base_addr)
+            # Only record non-Mamba page sizes.
+            if isinstance(layer_spec, MambaSpec):
+                self.block_len_per_layer.append(
+                    physical_page_size // self._physical_blocks_per_logical_kv_block
                )
-                seen_base_addresses.append(base_addr)
-                # Only record non-Mamba page sizes.
-                if isinstance(layer_spec, MambaSpec):
-                    self.block_len_per_layer.append(
-                        physical_page_size // self._physical_blocks_per_logical_kv_block
-                    )
-                else:
-                    self.block_len_per_layer.append(physical_page_size)
-                is_mla_region = isinstance(
-                    layer_spec, (MLAAttentionSpec, SlidingWindowMLASpec)
+            else:
+                self.block_len_per_layer.append(physical_page_size)
+            is_mla_region = isinstance(
+                layer_spec, (MLAAttentionSpec, SlidingWindowMLASpec)
+            )
+            self._region_is_mla.append(is_mla_region)
+
+            if not is_mla_region:
+                if tensor_size_bytes is None:
+                    tensor_size_bytes = curr_tensor_size_bytes
+                assert tensor_size_bytes == curr_tensor_size_bytes, (
+                    "All non-MLA kv cache tensors must have the same size"
                )
-                self._region_is_mla.append(is_mla_region)

-                if not is_mla_region:
-                    if tensor_size_bytes is None:
-                        tensor_size_bytes = curr_tensor_size_bytes
-                    assert tensor_size_bytes == curr_tensor_size_bytes, (
-                        "All non-MLA kv cache tensors must have the same size"
-                    )
-
-                # When there's a mismatch between kbs<>bs, we rely on HMA to ensure
-                # caches are either [NB, PS] or [NB*r, PS/r] where r is bs/kbs.
-                if (
-                    self._physical_blocks_per_logical_kv_block == 1
-                    and cache.shape[0] != num_blocks
-                ):
-                    raise AssertionError(
-                        "All kv cache tensors must have the same number of "
-                        f"blocks; layer={layer_name}, "
-                        f"expected_num_blocks={num_blocks}, "
-                        f"cache_shape={tuple(cache.shape)}, "
-                        f"cache_stride={tuple(cache.stride())}, "
-                        f"layer_spec={type(layer_spec).__name__}, "
-                        f"backend={self.backend_name}, "
-                        "all_backends="
-                        f"{[backend.get_name() for backend in self.attn_backends]}, "
-                        f"kv_cache_layout={self.kv_cache_layout}"
-                    )
-
-                # Need to make sure the device ID is non-negative for NIXL,
-                # Torch uses -1 to indicate CPU tensors.
-                self.device_id = max(cache.get_device(), 0)
-                caches_data.append(
-                    (base_addr, curr_tensor_size_bytes, self.device_id, "")
+            # When there's a mismatch between kbs<>bs, we rely on HMA to ensure
+            # caches are either [NB, PS] or [NB*r, PS/r] where r is bs/kbs.
+            if (
+                self._physical_blocks_per_logical_kv_block == 1
+                and cache.shape[0] != num_blocks
+            ):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "All kv cache tensors must have the same number of "
+                    f"blocks; layer={layer_name}, "
+                    f"expected_num_blocks={num_blocks}, "
+                    f"cache_shape={tuple(cache.shape)}, "
+                    f"cache_stride={tuple(cache.stride())}, "
+                    f"layer_spec={type(layer_spec).__name__}, "
+                    f"backend={self.backend_name}, "
+                    "all_backends="
+                    f"{[backend.get_name() for backend in self.attn_backends]}, "
+                    f"kv_cache_layout={self.kv_cache_layout}"
                )

+            # Need to make sure the device ID is non-negative for NIXL,
+            # Torch uses -1 to indicate CPU tensors.
+            self.device_id = max(cache.get_device(), 0)
+            caches_data.append((base_addr, curr_tensor_size_bytes, self.device_id, ""))
+
        logger.debug(
            "Different block lengths collected: %s", set(self.block_len_per_layer)
        )
@@ -326,9 +326,12 @@ class RequestOffloadState:
            group_state.block_ids.extend(new_blocks)

    def storable_chunks(
-        self, group_config: "GroupOffloadConfig", num_offloadable_tokens: int
+        self,
+        group_config: "GroupOffloadConfig",
+        group_state: RequestGroupState,
+        num_offloadable_tokens: int,
    ) -> int:
-        """Number of leading offloaded chunks eligible for store.
+        """Number of allocated leading offloaded chunks eligible for store.

        For eagle/MTP groups the volatile trailing chunk of the offloadable
        range is excluded while decoding: the draft-layer KV of the last
@@ -345,7 +348,10 @@ class RequestOffloadState:
        is_decoding = num_offloadable_tokens > self.req.num_prompt_tokens
        if group_config.is_eagle_group and is_decoding:
            num_chunks = max(0, num_chunks - 1)
-        return num_chunks
+        num_allocated_chunks = (
+            len(group_state.block_ids) // self.config.blocks_per_chunk
+        )
+        return min(num_chunks, num_allocated_chunks)

    def advance_stored_idx(self, num_offloadable_tokens: int) -> None:
        # max(): at the prefill->decode transition of a chunk-aligned prompt,
@@ -356,7 +362,7 @@ class RequestOffloadState:
        ):
            group_state.next_stored_chunk_idx = max(
                group_state.next_stored_chunk_idx,
-                self.storable_chunks(group_config, num_offloadable_tokens),
+                self.storable_chunks(group_config, group_state, num_offloadable_tokens),
            )

    def update_num_hit_chunks(self, num_cached_tokens: int) -> None:
@@ -991,7 +997,7 @@ class OffloadingConnectorScheduler:
                self.config.kv_group_configs, req_status.group_states
            ):
                num_chunks = req_status.storable_chunks(
-                    group_config, num_offloadable_tokens
+                    group_config, group_state, num_offloadable_tokens
                )

                start_chunk_idx = group_state.next_stored_chunk_idx
@@ -1068,7 +1074,7 @@ class OffloadingConnectorScheduler:
                    group_config.sliding_window_size_in_chunks is not None
                )
                num_chunks = req_status.storable_chunks(
-                    group_config, num_offloadable_tokens
+                    group_config, group_state, num_offloadable_tokens
                )
                start_chunk_idx = group_state.next_stored_chunk_idx
                block_ids = group_state.block_ids
@@ -56,9 +56,7 @@ class OffloadingConnectorWorker:
    def _init_worker(self, kv_caches: CanonicalKVCaches) -> None:
        self.worker = self.spec.get_worker(kv_caches)

-    def register_kv_caches(
-        self, kv_caches: dict[str, torch.Tensor | list[torch.Tensor]]
-    ):
+    def register_kv_caches(self, kv_caches: dict[str, torch.Tensor]):
        kv_cache_config = self.kv_cache_config
        num_blocks = kv_cache_config.num_blocks

@@ -120,24 +118,13 @@ class OffloadingConnectorWorker:
                    )

                elif isinstance(layer_kv_cache_spec, MambaSpec):
-                    state_tensors = kv_caches[layer_name]
-                    assert isinstance(state_tensors, list)
-
-                    # re-construct the raw (num_blocks, page_size) tensor
-                    # from the first state tensor
-                    assert len(state_tensors) > 0
-                    first_state_tensor = state_tensors[0]
-                    assert first_state_tensor.storage_offset() == 0
-                    tensor = (
-                        torch.tensor(
-                            [],
-                            dtype=torch.int8,
-                            device=first_state_tensor.device,
-                        )
-                        .set_(first_state_tensor.untyped_storage())
-                        .view((num_blocks, layer_kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes))
+                    layer_kv_cache = kv_caches[layer_name]
+                    assert layer_kv_cache.dtype == torch.int8
+                    tensors_per_block[layer_name] = (
+                        layer_kv_cache.view(
+                            num_blocks, layer_kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes
+                        ),
                    )
-                    tensors_per_block[layer_name] = (tensor,)

                    page_size_bytes[layer_name] = layer_kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes
                    unpadded_page_size_bytes[layer_name] = replace(
@@ -527,8 +527,6 @@ class EngineArgs:
    kv_cache_memory_bytes: int | None = CacheConfig.kv_cache_memory_bytes
    max_num_batched_tokens: int | None = None
    max_num_scheduled_tokens: int | None = None
-    max_num_partial_prefills: int = SchedulerConfig.max_num_partial_prefills
-    max_long_partial_prefills: int = SchedulerConfig.max_long_partial_prefills
    long_prefill_token_threshold: int = SchedulerConfig.long_prefill_token_threshold
    max_num_seqs: int | None = None
    max_logprobs: int = ModelConfig.max_logprobs
@@ -1440,13 +1438,6 @@ class EngineArgs:
                "default": None,
            },
        )
-        scheduler_group.add_argument(
-            "--max-num-partial-prefills", **scheduler_kwargs["max_num_partial_prefills"]
-        )
-        scheduler_group.add_argument(
-            "--max-long-partial-prefills",
-            **scheduler_kwargs["max_long_partial_prefills"],
-        )
        scheduler_group.add_argument(
            "--long-prefill-token-threshold",
            **scheduler_kwargs["long_prefill_token_threshold"],
@@ -2190,8 +2181,6 @@ class EngineArgs:
            is_encoder_decoder=model_config.is_encoder_decoder,
            policy=self.scheduling_policy,
            scheduler_cls=self.scheduler_cls,
-            max_num_partial_prefills=self.max_num_partial_prefills,
-            max_long_partial_prefills=self.max_long_partial_prefills,
            long_prefill_token_threshold=self.long_prefill_token_threshold,
            scheduler_reserve_full_isl=self.scheduler_reserve_full_isl,
            watermark=self.watermark,
@@ -2402,14 +2391,6 @@ class EngineArgs:

    def _check_feature_supported(self):
        """Raise an error if the feature is not supported."""
-        # No Concurrent Partial Prefills so far.
-        if (
-            self.max_num_partial_prefills != SchedulerConfig.max_num_partial_prefills
-            or self.max_long_partial_prefills
-            != SchedulerConfig.max_long_partial_prefills
-        ):
-            _raise_unsupported_error(feature_name="Concurrent Partial Prefill")
-
        if self.pipeline_parallel_size > 1:
            supports_pp = getattr(
                self.distributed_executor_backend, "supports_pp", False
@@ -687,9 +687,9 @@ class ChatCompletionRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
            skip_special_tokens=self.skip_special_tokens,
            spaces_between_special_tokens=self.spaces_between_special_tokens,
            include_stop_str_in_output=self.include_stop_str_in_output,
-            output_kind=RequestOutputKind.DELTA
-            if self.stream
-            else RequestOutputKind.FINAL_ONLY,
+            output_kind=(
+                RequestOutputKind.DELTA if self.stream else RequestOutputKind.FINAL_ONLY
+            ),
            structured_outputs=self.extract_structured_outputs(),
            logit_bias=self.logit_bias,
            bad_words=self.bad_words,
@@ -849,9 +849,10 @@ class ChatCompletionRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):

        # Reject empty tools array, matching OpenAI API behavior
        if data.get("tools") == []:
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise VLLMValidationError(
                "`tools` must not be an empty array. "
-                "Either provide at least one tool or omit the field entirely."
+                "Either provide at least one tool or omit the field entirely.",
+                parameter="tools",
            )

        # if "tool_choice" is not specified but tools are provided,
@@ -1075,13 +1076,15 @@ class BatchChatCompletionRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
        if isinstance(data, BatchChatCompletionRequest):
            data = data.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
        if data.get("use_beam_search"):
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise VLLMValidationError(
                "Batch chat completions do not support beam search. "
-                "Please set `use_beam_search` to False."
+                "Please set `use_beam_search` to False.",
+                parameter="use_beam_search",
            )
        if data.get("logprob_token_ids") and not data.get("logprobs"):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "when using `logprob_token_ids`, `logprobs` must be set to true."
+            raise VLLMValidationError(
+                "when using `logprob_token_ids`, `logprobs` must be set to true.",
+                parameter="logprob_token_ids",
            )
        response_format = data.get("response_format")
        rf_type = (
@@ -1095,8 +1098,10 @@ class BatchChatCompletionRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
            validate_structured_outputs_structural_tag(structured_outputs)
        n = data.get("n", 1)
        if n is not None and n != 1:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Batch chat completions do not support `n > 1`. Please set `n` to 1."
+            raise VLLMValidationError(
+                "Batch chat completions do not support `n > 1`. Please set `n` to 1.",
+                parameter="n",
+                value=n,
            )
        return data

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project

+import json
 import time
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, TypeAlias

@@ -78,7 +79,6 @@ class TranslationRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
    `verbose_json`, or `vtt`.
    """

-    # TODO support additional sampling parameters
    # --8<-- [start:translation-sampling-params]
    use_beam_search: bool = False
    """Whether or not beam search should be used."""
@@ -103,6 +103,28 @@ class TranslationRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
    will use [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability)
    to automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
    """
+
+    top_p: float | None = None
+    """Enables nucleus (top-p) sampling, where tokens are selected from the
+    smallest possible set whose cumulative probability exceeds `p`.
+    """
+
+    top_k: int | None = None
+    """Limits sampling to the `k` most probable tokens at each step."""
+
+    min_p: float | None = None
+    """Filters out tokens with a probability lower than `min_p`, ensuring a
+    minimum likelihood threshold during sampling.
+    """
+
+    frequency_penalty: float | None = 0.0
+    """The frequency penalty to use for sampling."""
+
+    repetition_penalty: float | None = None
+    """The repetition penalty to use for sampling."""
+
+    presence_penalty: float | None = 0.0
+    """The presence penalty to use for sampling."""
    # --8<-- [end:translation-sampling-params]

    # --8<-- [start:translation-extra-params]
@@ -139,11 +161,23 @@ class TranslationRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):

    max_completion_tokens: int | None = None
    """The maximum number of tokens to generate."""
+
+    vllm_xargs: dict[str, str | int | float | list[str | int | float]] | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        description=(
+            "Additional request parameters with (list of) string or "
+            "numeric values, used by custom extensions."
+        ),
+    )
    # --8<-- [end:translation-extra-params]

    # Default sampling parameters for translation requests.
    _DEFAULT_SAMPLING_PARAMS: dict = {
+        "repetition_penalty": 1.0,
        "temperature": 0,
+        "top_p": 1.0,
+        "top_k": 0,
+        "min_p": 0.0,
    }

    def build_stt_params(
@@ -199,14 +233,38 @@ class TranslationRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
            temperature = default_sampling_params.get(
                "temperature", self._DEFAULT_SAMPLING_PARAMS["temperature"]
            )
+        if (top_p := self.top_p) is None:
+            top_p = default_sampling_params.get(
+                "top_p", self._DEFAULT_SAMPLING_PARAMS["top_p"]
+            )
+        if (top_k := self.top_k) is None:
+            top_k = default_sampling_params.get(
+                "top_k", self._DEFAULT_SAMPLING_PARAMS["top_k"]
+            )
+        if (min_p := self.min_p) is None:
+            min_p = default_sampling_params.get(
+                "min_p", self._DEFAULT_SAMPLING_PARAMS["min_p"]
+            )
+        if (repetition_penalty := self.repetition_penalty) is None:
+            repetition_penalty = default_sampling_params.get(
+                "repetition_penalty",
+                self._DEFAULT_SAMPLING_PARAMS["repetition_penalty"],
+            )

        return SamplingParams.from_optional(
            temperature=temperature,
            max_tokens=max_tokens,
            seed=self.seed,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            top_k=top_k,
+            min_p=min_p,
+            frequency_penalty=self.frequency_penalty,
+            repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty,
+            presence_penalty=self.presence_penalty,
            output_kind=RequestOutputKind.DELTA
            if self.stream
            else RequestOutputKind.FINAL_ONLY,
+            extra_args=self.vllm_xargs,
            skip_clone=True,  # Created fresh per request, safe to skip clone
        )

@@ -226,6 +284,16 @@ class TranslationRequest(OpenAIBaseModel):
                parameter=invalid_param,
            )

+        xargs = data.get("vllm_xargs")
+        if isinstance(xargs, str):
+            try:
+                data["vllm_xargs"] = json.loads(xargs)
+            except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+                raise VLLMValidationError(
+                    f"Failed to parse vllm_xargs. Must be valid JSON: {e}",
+                    parameter="vllm_xargs",
+                ) from e
+
        return data


@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@

 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

+import torch
+
 from vllm.config import VllmConfig
 from vllm.v1.attention.backend import AttentionBackend, AttentionImpl
 from vllm.v1.kv_cache_interface import KVCacheSpec
@@ -21,6 +23,14 @@ class AttentionLayerBase(ABC):
    impl: "AttentionImpl"
    supports_dcp: bool = True

+    def bind_kv_cache(self, kv_cache: torch.Tensor) -> None:
+        """Bind the allocated KV cache tensor to this layer.
+
+        The default stores the cache view as-is; subclasses (e.g. Mamba)
+        override this to unpack the raw buffer into per-state views.
+        """
+        self.kv_cache = kv_cache
+
    @abstractmethod
    def get_attn_backend(self) -> type[AttentionBackend]:
        """Get the attention backend class for this layer."""
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright contributors to the vLLM project
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from collections.abc import Iterable
+from math import prod

 import torch

 from vllm.config import VllmConfig
 from vllm.model_executor.layers.attention_layer_base import AttentionLayerBase
+from vllm.utils.torch_utils import get_dtype_size
 from vllm.v1.attention.backend import AttentionBackend
 from vllm.v1.attention.backends.registry import MambaAttentionBackendEnum
 from vllm.v1.attention.selector import get_mamba_attn_backend
@@ -24,6 +26,22 @@ class MambaBase(AttentionLayerBase):
    kv_cache: tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]
    supports_dcp: bool = False

+    def bind_kv_cache(self, kv_cache: torch.Tensor) -> None:
+        """Unpack a raw ``[B, 1, 1, C]`` int8 page view into per-state views.
+
+        Each block's ``C`` bytes hold the layer's states (e.g. conv, ssm)
+        packed contiguously; slice them out and reinterpret per dtype/shape.
+        """
+        pages = kv_cache.squeeze(dim=(1, 2))
+        states: list[torch.Tensor] = []
+        offset = 0
+        for shape, dtype in zip(self.get_state_shape(), self.get_state_dtype()):
+            nbytes = prod(shape) * get_dtype_size(dtype)
+            state = pages[:, offset : offset + nbytes].view(dtype)
+            states.append(state.view(-1, *shape))
+            offset += nbytes
+        self.kv_cache = tuple(states)
+
    @abstractmethod
    def get_state_shape(self) -> Iterable[tuple[int, ...]]:
        """
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from vllm.model_executor.layers.mamba.ops.causal_conv1d import (
    causal_conv1d_fn,
    causal_conv1d_update,
 )
+from vllm.model_executor.layers.quantization import QuantizationConfig
 from vllm.platforms import current_platform
 from vllm.utils.torch_utils import direct_register_custom_op
 from vllm.v1.attention.backend import AttentionMetadata
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ class ShortConv(MambaBase, CustomOp):
        layer_idx: int,
        model_config: ModelConfig | None = None,
        cache_config: CacheConfig | None = None,
+        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None = None,
        prefix: str = "",
    ):
        super().__init__()
@@ -67,12 +69,14 @@ class ShortConv(MambaBase, CustomOp):
            input_size=dim,
            output_sizes=[dim] * 3,
            bias=self.bias,
+            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.in_proj",
        )
        self.out_proj = RowParallelLinear(
            input_size=dim,
            output_size=dim,
            bias=self.bias,
+            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.out_proj",
        )

@@ -276,7 +276,13 @@ class Cosmos3EdgeProcessingInfo(Qwen3VLProcessingInfo):


 class Cosmos3EdgeMultiModalProcessor(Qwen3VLMultiModalProcessor):
-    pass
+    @staticmethod
+    def _expands_only_video_token(_hf_processor: ProcessorMixin) -> bool:
+        # Cosmos renders each video as a full
+        # <|vision_start|><|video_pad|><|vision_end|> placeholder, and its
+        # reference processor replaces that entire triplet with timestamped,
+        # per-frame vision sequences.
+        return False


 class Cosmos3EdgeDummyInputsBuilder(Qwen3VLDummyInputsBuilder):
@@ -517,6 +523,7 @@ class Cosmos3EdgeForConditionalGeneration(
        },
        orig_to_new_substr={
            "_moe_gen": None,
+            "k_norm_und_for_gen": None,
            ".add_q_proj.": None,
            ".add_k_proj.": None,
            ".add_v_proj.": None,
@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ class Lfm2ShortConvDecoderLayer(nn.Module):
            layer_idx=layer_idx,
            model_config=model_config,
            cache_config=cache_config,
+            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.conv",
        )

@@ -351,6 +351,7 @@ class Lfm2MoeShortConvDecoderLayer(nn.Module):
            layer_idx=layer_idx,
            model_config=model_config,
            cache_config=cache_config,
+            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.conv",
        )

@@ -402,12 +402,11 @@ class Ovis2_5MultiModalProcessor(BaseMultiModalProcessor[Ovis2_5ProcessingInfo])
        hf_processor_mm_kwargs: Mapping[str, object],
        out_mm_kwargs: MultiModalKwargsItems,
    ) -> list[PromptReplacement]:
-        tokenizer = self.info.get_tokenizer()
-        vocab = tokenizer.get_vocab()
+        hf_processor = self.info.get_hf_processor()

        placeholder = {
-            "image": vocab[IMAGE_TOKEN],
-            "video": vocab[VIDEO_TOKEN],
+            "image": hf_processor.get_token_value("image_token"),
+            "video": hf_processor.get_token_value("video_token"),
        }

        def get_replacement_ovis(item_idx, modality: str):
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from collections.abc import Mapping

 from vllm.config import ModelConfig, VllmConfig
 from vllm.logger import init_logger
+from vllm.multimodal.inputs import MultiModalKwargsItem
 from vllm.multimodal.processing import BaseMultiModalProcessor
 from vllm.multimodal.registry import MultiModalRegistry
 from vllm.utils.torch_utils import set_default_torch_num_threads
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ class MultiModalBudget:
        self,
        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
        mm_registry: MultiModalRegistry,
+        *,
+        enable_cache: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()

@@ -58,7 +61,11 @@ class MultiModalBudget:
        self.max_num_reqs = scheduler_config.max_num_seqs

        with set_default_torch_num_threads():  # Avoid hang during startup
-            cache = mm_registry.processor_only_cache_from_config(vllm_config)
+            cache = (
+                mm_registry.processor_only_cache_from_config(vllm_config)
+                if enable_cache
+                else None
+            )
            processor = mm_registry.create_processor(model_config, cache=cache)

            self.cache = cache
@@ -191,3 +198,23 @@ class MultiModalBudget:
    def reset_cache(self) -> None:
        if self.cache is not None:
            self.cache.clear_cache()
+
+
+def get_dummy_encoder_profile_inputs(
+    mm_registry: MultiModalRegistry,
+    budget: MultiModalBudget,
+) -> list[tuple[str, MultiModalKwargsItem]]:
+    if budget.get_encoder_budget() <= 0 or not budget.mm_max_toks_per_item:
+        return []
+
+    modality = budget.get_modality_with_max_tokens()
+    max_items_per_batch = budget.mm_max_items_per_batch[modality]
+    dummy_mm_inputs = mm_registry.get_dummy_mm_inputs(
+        budget.model_config,
+        mm_counts={modality: 1},
+        processor=budget.processor,
+    )
+    dummy_mm_item = dummy_mm_inputs["mm_kwargs"][modality][0]
+    assert dummy_mm_item is not None, "Dummy item should be generated"
+
+    return [(modality, dummy_mm_item)] * max_items_per_batch
@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ class PyNvVideoCodecVideoBackend(VideoBackend):

@VIDEO_LOADER_REGISTRY.register(
    "qwen3_vl",
-    video_processor="Qwen3VLVideoProcessor",
+    video_processor=("Qwen3VLVideoProcessor", "Cosmos3EdgeVideoProcessor"),
 )
 class Qwen3VLVideoBackend(VideoBackend):
    @classmethod
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ except json.JSONDecodeError:
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 DEFAULT_ENV_VAR_PREFIXES: set[str] = {
    "VLLM_",
+    "FLASH_ATTENTION_",
    "LMCACHE_",
    "NCCL_",
    "UCX_",
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ class Ovis2_5Processor(ProcessorMixin):

    @cached_property
    def extra_special_tokens(self):
-        vocab = self.tokenizer.get_vocab()
        required_tokens = {
            "image_token": "<image>",
            "video_token": "<video>",
@@ -90,21 +89,16 @@ class Ovis2_5Processor(ProcessorMixin):
            "image_pad": "<|image_pad|>",
        }

-        extra_special_tokens = {}
-        suggestion = (
-            "please add '<image>', '<video>', '<ovis_visual_atom>', "
-            "'<ovis_image_start>', '<ovis_image_end>', '<ovis_video_start>', "
-            "'<ovis_video_end>' in 'additional_special_tokens' of "
-            "tokenizer_config.json, You can refer to "
-            "https://huggingface.co/AIDC-AI/Ovis2.6-30B-A3B/blob/main/tokenizer_config.json"
-        )
+        # The checkpoint defines both `additional_special_tokens` and
+        # `extra_special_tokens`, with the latter empty. Transformers ignores
+        # the former because the latter is explicitly empty, so the tokens are
+        # missing from the vocab. Re-add them to restore the expected ids.
+        self.tokenizer.add_tokens(list(required_tokens.values()), special_tokens=True)

-        for key, token_name in required_tokens.items():
-            if token_name not in vocab:
-                raise ValueError(f"Can not find {token_name}, {suggestion}")
-            extra_special_tokens[key] = vocab[token_name]
-
-        return extra_special_tokens
+        return {
+            key: self.tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(token_name)
+            for key, token_name in required_tokens.items()
+        }

    def __call__(
        self,
@@ -392,9 +392,8 @@ def apply_top_k_top_p_pytorch(
        logits_sort.masked_fill_(top_k_mask, -float("inf"))

    if p is not None:
-        # Apply top-p. The cumsum below runs over the whole vocab, so accumulating
-        # in a low-precision dtype makes the nucleus undershoot p.
-        probs_sort = logits_sort.softmax(dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32)
+        # Apply top-p.
+        probs_sort = logits_sort.softmax(dim=-1)
        probs_sum = torch.cumsum(probs_sort, dim=-1, out=probs_sort)
        top_p_mask = probs_sum <= 1 - p.unsqueeze(dim=1)
        # at least one
@@ -501,10 +500,9 @@ def flashinfer_sample(
            probs, k, deterministic=True
        )
    else:
-        # Both top-k and top-p. FlashInfer requires contiguous fp32 logits; the
-        # branches above get that from softmax().
+        # Both top-k and top-p.
        next_token_ids = flashinfer.sampling.top_k_top_p_sampling_from_logits(
-            logits.float().contiguous(), k, p, deterministic=True
+            logits, k, p, deterministic=True
        )

    return next_token_ids.view(-1)
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(
                mask_n = offs < VOCAB_SIZE
                logits_blk0 = tl.load(
                    LOGITS_ROW + offs, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                ).to(tl.float32)
+                )
                # Exclude -inf values (e.g. from grammar bitmasks) from
                # statistics to avoid NaN in pivot computation.
                finite_mask = (logits_blk0 > -float("inf")) & mask_n
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(
                    mask_n = offs_n < VOCAB_SIZE
                    logits_blk = tl.load(
                        LOGITS_ROW + offs_n, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                    ).to(tl.float32)
+                    )

                    max_logit = tl.maximum(max_logit, tl.max(logits_blk))
                    # Exclude -inf from min to keep binary search bounds
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(
                            mask_n = offs_n < VOCAB_SIZE
                            logits_blk2 = tl.load(
                                LOGITS_ROW + offs_n, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                            ).to(tl.float32)
+                            )

                            above_0 = logits_blk2 > k_pivot_0
                            above_1 = logits_blk2 > k_pivot_1
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(
                                    LOGITS_ROW + offs_n,
                                    mask=mask_n,
                                    other=-float("inf"),
-                                ).to(tl.float32)
+                                )

                                outlier_mask = (probs_blk > min_logit) & mask_n

@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(
                mask_n = offs < VOCAB_SIZE
                logits_blk0 = tl.load(
                    LOGITS_ROW + offs, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                ).to(tl.float32)
+                )
                # Exclude -inf values (e.g. from grammar bitmasks) from
                # statistics to avoid NaN in pivot computation.
                finite_mask = (logits_blk0 > -float("inf")) & mask_n
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(
                    mask_n = offs_n < VOCAB_SIZE
                    logits_blk = tl.load(
                        LOGITS_ROW + offs_n, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                    ).to(tl.float32)
+                    )
                    max_logit = tl.maximum(max_logit, tl.max(logits_blk))
                    # Exclude -inf from min to keep binary search bounds
                    # finite (avoids NaN pivots).
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(

                    probs_blk = tl.load(
                        LOGITS_ROW + offs_n, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                    ).to(tl.float32)
+                    )
                    probs_blk = tl.exp(probs_blk - max_sample)
                    probs_blk = probs_blk / sum_exp_logits

@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(

                        probs_blk = tl.load(
                            LOGITS_ROW + offs_n, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                        ).to(tl.float32)
+                        )
                        probs_blk = tl.exp(probs_blk - max_sample)
                        probs_blk = probs_blk / sum_exp_logits
                        tl.store(BUFFER_ROW + offs_n, probs_blk, mask=mask_n)
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ def _topk_topp_kernel(
                mask_n = offs_n < VOCAB_SIZE
                logits_blk = tl.load(
                    LOGITS_ROW + offs_n, mask=mask_n, other=-float("inf")
-                ).to(tl.float32)
+                )
                keep_mask = (logits_blk > final_pivot) & mask_n

                # Duplicate logit handling
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ def apply_top_k_top_p_triton(
        The masked logits tensor. It may or may not be modified in-place.
    """
    assert logits.ndim == 2
-    assert logits.dtype in (torch.float32, torch.bfloat16, torch.float16)
+    assert logits.dtype == torch.float32
    batch_size, vocab_size = logits.shape
    topk_enabled = k is not None
    topp_enabled = p is not None
@@ -911,9 +911,7 @@ def apply_top_k_top_p_triton(
    buffer = _TRITON_BUFFER_CACHE.get(buf_key)
    if buffer is None or buffer.shape[0] < NUM_PROGRAMS:
        size = min(next_power_of_2(NUM_PROGRAMS), num_sm)
-        buffer = torch.empty(
-            (size, vocab_size), dtype=torch.float32, device=logits.device
-        )
+        buffer = logits.new_empty((size, vocab_size))
        _TRITON_BUFFER_CACHE[buf_key] = buffer
    if buffer.shape[0] > NUM_PROGRAMS:
        buffer = buffer[:NUM_PROGRAMS]
@@ -921,12 +919,8 @@ def apply_top_k_top_p_triton(
    # Cache lookup table entries on each device.
    tables = _TRITON_TABLE_CACHE.get(logits.device)
    if tables is None:
-        normal_cdf_to_sigma_table = torch.tensor(
-            _NORMAL_CDF_TO_SIGMA_TABLE, dtype=torch.float32, device=logits.device
-        )
-        percentile_to_std_table = torch.tensor(
-            _PERCENTILE_TO_STD_TABLE, dtype=torch.float32, device=logits.device
-        )
+        normal_cdf_to_sigma_table = logits.new_tensor(_NORMAL_CDF_TO_SIGMA_TABLE)
+        percentile_to_std_table = logits.new_tensor(_PERCENTILE_TO_STD_TABLE)
        _TRITON_TABLE_CACHE[logits.device] = (
            normal_cdf_to_sigma_table,
            percentile_to_std_table,
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def _reshape_kv_cache(
    kv_cache_config: "KVCacheConfig | None" = None,
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
    kv_caches: dict[str, Any] = {}
-    has_attn, has_mamba = False, False
+    has_attn = False

    layer_packing: dict[str, tuple[int, int]] = {}
    if kv_cache_config is not None:
@@ -340,38 +340,21 @@ def _reshape_kv_cache(
                )

            elif isinstance(kv_cache_spec, MambaSpec):
-                has_mamba = True
-                state_tensors = []
-                storage_offset_bytes = 0
-                for shape, dtype in zip(kv_cache_spec.shapes, kv_cache_spec.dtypes):
-                    dtype_size = get_dtype_size(dtype)
-                    num_element_per_page = kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes // dtype_size
-                    target_shape = (num_blocks, *shape)
-                    stride = torch.empty(target_shape).stride()
-                    target_stride = (num_element_per_page, *stride[1:])
-                    assert storage_offset_bytes % dtype_size == 0
-                    tensor = torch.as_strided(
-                        kv_raw_tensor.view(dtype),
-                        size=target_shape,
-                        stride=target_stride,
-                        storage_offset=storage_offset_bytes // dtype_size,
-                    )
-                    state_tensors.append(tensor)
-                    storage_offset_bytes += stride[0] * dtype_size
-                kv_caches[layer_name] = state_tensors
+                page_size_bytes = kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes
+                # Hold a single contiguous [num_blocks, 1, 1, page_size_bytes]
+                # int8 page view per layer; the layer's bind_kv_cache unpacks
+                # each block's bytes into its conv/ssm state views. Keeping
+                # one tensor per layer lets the KV connector register it
+                # without special-casing Mamba.
+                kv_caches[layer_name] = kv_raw_tensor[
+                    : num_blocks * page_size_bytes
+                ].view(num_blocks, 1, 1, page_size_bytes)
            else:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    f"Unsupported KV cache spec type: {type(kv_cache_spec)}"
                )

-    if has_attn and has_mamba:
-        _update_hybrid_attention_layout(
-            attn_groups=attn_groups,
-            kv_caches=kv_caches,
-            kernel_block_sizes=kernel_block_sizes,
-            cache_dtype=cache_dtype,
-        )
-    elif has_attn and kv_cache_config is not None:
+    if has_attn and kv_cache_config is not None:
        _align_mixed_attention_kv_cache_views(
            attn_groups=attn_groups,
            kv_caches=kv_caches,
@@ -458,65 +441,6 @@ def _restride_blocks_first_kv_cache_to_kv_first_storage(
    )


-def _update_hybrid_attention_layout(
-    attn_groups: Iterable[AttentionGroup],
-    kv_caches: dict[str, Any],
-    kernel_block_sizes: list[int],
-    cache_dtype: str,
-) -> None:
-    for group in attn_groups:
-        if group.kv_cache_group_id >= len(kernel_block_sizes):
-            continue
-
-        kv_cache_spec = group.kv_cache_spec
-        if not isinstance(kv_cache_spec, AttentionSpec):
-            continue
-        # Mirror the per-layer dtype selection used when building the shape
-        # above. The block-dim index is dtype-independent for current backends
-        # (quantization only changes the last dim), so this is a no-op today,
-        # but it keeps both call sites consistent for skip layers.
-        layer_cache_dtype = (
-            "auto"
-            if kv_cache_spec.kv_quant_mode == KVQuantMode.NONE
-            and not isinstance(kv_cache_spec, TQFullAttentionSpec)
-            else cache_dtype
-        )
-        block_dim = group.backend.get_kv_cache_block_dim(
-            kernel_block_sizes[group.kv_cache_group_id],
-            kv_cache_spec.num_kv_heads,
-            kv_cache_spec.head_size,
-            cache_dtype_str=layer_cache_dtype,
-        )
-        # if the first dim of the kvcache's layout is already num_blocks, continue
-        if block_dim == 0:
-            continue
-
-        assert block_dim == 1, (
-            "Expected the dim `num_blocks` at the second dim when updating"
-            " the kvcache's layout of full attention layer"
-        )
-
-        for layer_name in group.layer_names:
-            if layer_name not in kv_caches:
-                # Shared layer — will be aliased to its target after this pass.
-                continue
-
-            kv_cache = kv_caches[layer_name]
-            if kv_cache.shape[0] == 2:
-                assert kv_cache.shape[1] != 2, (
-                    f"Cannot determine layout for tensor of shape {kv_cache.shape}"
-                )
-                hidden_size = kv_cache.shape[2:].numel()
-                kv_cache.as_strided_(
-                    size=kv_cache.shape,
-                    stride=(
-                        hidden_size,
-                        2 * hidden_size,
-                        *kv_cache.stride()[2:],
-                    ),
-                )
-
-
 def init_kv_cache(
    runner_kv_caches: list[torch.Tensor | list[torch.Tensor]],
    forward_context: dict[str, Any],
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class EncoderCache:
        Clear the multi-modal cache that was used during profiling,
        but no longer needed during inference.
        """
-        # TODO: Implement MM budget for encoder dummy run
+        # NOTE: v2 encoder cache profiling skips the multi-modal cache
        pass

    def reset_encoder_cache(self) -> None:
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 import numpy as np
 import torch

+from vllm.logger import init_logger
 from vllm.model_executor.models.interfaces import SupportsMultiModal, supports_realtime
+from vllm.multimodal.encoder_budget import MultiModalBudget
 from vllm.multimodal.inputs import MultiModalKwargsItem
 from vllm.multimodal.utils import (
    get_mm_features_in_window,
@@ -13,6 +15,8 @@ from vllm.multimodal.utils import (
 from vllm.v1.worker.gpu.mm.encoder_cache import EncoderCache
 from vllm.v1.worker.utils import sanity_check_mm_encoder_outputs

+logger = init_logger(__name__)
+

 class EncoderRunner:
    def __init__(
@@ -52,6 +56,45 @@ class EncoderRunner:

        return mm_hashes, mm_kwargs

+    @torch.inference_mode()
+    def profile_encoder_cache(
+        self,
+        dummy_mm_inputs: list[tuple[str, MultiModalKwargsItem]],
+        budget: MultiModalBudget,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Profile multimodal encoder and temporary encoder cache memory."""
+        if (encoder_budget := budget.get_encoder_budget()) <= 0:
+            return
+
+        if not budget.mm_max_toks_per_item:
+            logger.info(
+                "Skipping encoder profiling for embedding-only mode "
+                "(all modality limits=0 with enable_mm_embeds=True).",
+            )
+            return
+
+        assert dummy_mm_inputs, "Dummy inputs should be generated for encoder profiling"
+        dummy_modality = dummy_mm_inputs[0][0]
+        max_mm_items_per_batch = len(dummy_mm_inputs)
+
+        logger.info_once(
+            "Encoder cache will be initialized with a budget of %s tokens, "
+            "and profiled with %s %s items of the maximum feature size.",
+            encoder_budget,
+            max_mm_items_per_batch,
+            dummy_modality,
+        )
+
+        dummy_encoder_outputs = self.execute_mm_encoder(dummy_mm_inputs)
+
+        sanity_check_mm_encoder_outputs(
+            dummy_encoder_outputs,
+            expected_num_items=max_mm_items_per_batch,
+        )
+        self.encoder_cache.encoder_outputs.update(
+            (f"tmp_{i}", output) for i, output in enumerate(dummy_encoder_outputs)
+        )
+
    @torch.inference_mode()
    def execute_mm_encoder(
        self, mm_kwargs: list[tuple[str, MultiModalKwargsItem]]
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ from vllm.model_executor.layers.mamba.ops.ssu_dispatch import (
 )
 from vllm.model_executor.model_loader import get_model_loader
 from vllm.multimodal import MULTIMODAL_REGISTRY
+from vllm.multimodal.encoder_budget import (
+    MultiModalBudget,
+    get_dummy_encoder_profile_inputs,
+)
 from vllm.sequence import IntermediateTensors
 from vllm.tasks import SupportedTask
 from vllm.utils.math_utils import cdiv
@@ -671,6 +675,22 @@ class GPUModelRunner(LoRAModelRunnerMixin):

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def profile_run(self) -> None:
+        if self.supports_mm_inputs and self.is_first_pp_rank:
+            mm_config = self.model_config.multimodal_config
+            if mm_config is not None and not mm_config.skip_mm_profiling:
+                mm_budget = MultiModalBudget(
+                    self.vllm_config,
+                    self.mm_registry,
+                    enable_cache=False,
+                )
+                dummy_mm_inputs = get_dummy_encoder_profile_inputs(
+                    self.mm_registry,
+                    mm_budget,
+                )
+                self.model_state.encoder_runner.profile_encoder_cache(
+                    dummy_mm_inputs, mm_budget
+                )
+
        hidden_states, sample_hidden_states = self._dummy_run(
            self.max_num_tokens, skip_attn=True, is_profile=True
        )
@@ -685,6 +705,7 @@ class GPUModelRunner(LoRAModelRunnerMixin):

        torch.accelerator.synchronize()
        del hidden_states, sample_hidden_states
+        self.reset_encoder_cache()
        gc.collect()

    def post_kv_cache_wake_up(self) -> None:
@@ -218,9 +218,7 @@ def _bias_kernel(
            mask=mask,
        )
        bias = tl.load(bias_ptr + req_state_idx * bias_stride + block, mask=mask)
-        logits = tl.load(
-            logits_ptr + token_idx * logits_stride + token_ids, mask=mask
-        ).to(tl.float32)
+        logits = tl.load(logits_ptr + token_idx * logits_stride + token_ids, mask=mask)
        logits += bias
        tl.store(logits_ptr + token_idx * logits_stride + token_ids, logits, mask=mask)

@@ -83,7 +83,11 @@ class Sampler:
        # that num_nans is computed before applying penalties and temperature.
        num_nans = get_num_nans(logits) if self.compute_nans else None

-        return_logprobs = self.returns_logprobs(idx_mapping_np)
+        max_num_logprobs = self.sampling_states.max_num_logprobs(idx_mapping_np)
+        max_per_req_token_ids = self.logprob_token_ids_state.max_num_token_ids(
+            idx_mapping_np
+        )
+        return_logprobs = max_num_logprobs != NO_LOGPROBS or max_per_req_token_ids > 0

        sampled, processed_logits = self.sample(
            logits,
@@ -98,10 +102,6 @@ class Sampler:
        if return_logprobs:
            if self.logprobs_mode in ("processed_logprobs", "processed_logits"):
                logits = processed_logits
-            max_num_logprobs = self.sampling_states.max_num_logprobs(idx_mapping_np)
-            max_per_req_token_ids = self.logprob_token_ids_state.max_num_token_ids(
-                idx_mapping_np
-            )
            expanded_logits = logits.shape[0] != idx_mapping_np.shape[0]
            cu_num_logits = cu_num_logits_np.tolist() if expanded_logits else None
            num_logprobs = max_num_logprobs if max_num_logprobs != NO_LOGPROBS else 0
@@ -142,13 +142,6 @@ class Sampler:
        )
        return sampler_output

-    def returns_logprobs(self, idx_mapping_np: np.ndarray) -> bool:
-        """Whether any request in the batch produces logprobs this step."""
-        return (
-            self.sampling_states.max_num_logprobs(idx_mapping_np) != NO_LOGPROBS
-            or self.logprob_token_ids_state.max_num_token_ids(idx_mapping_np) > 0
-        )
-
    def apply_sampling_params(
        self,
        logits: torch.Tensor,
@@ -159,13 +152,8 @@ class Sampler:
        expanded_local_pos: torch.Tensor,
        skip_top_k_top_p: bool = False,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        # The ops below upcast to fp32 internally, so the input dtype is kept and
-        # mutated in place. Only raw_logprobs reads the unmodified logits
-        # afterward, so copy just for that case.
-        if self.logprobs_mode.startswith("raw_") and self.returns_logprobs(
-            idx_mapping_np
-        ):
-            logits = logits.clone()
+        # Copy logits to a new FP32 tensor.
+        logits = torch.empty_like(logits, dtype=torch.float32).copy_(logits)

        # Apply logit bias (e.g., allowed_token_ids, min_tokens) in place.
        self.logit_bias_state.apply_logit_bias(
@@ -126,7 +126,6 @@ from vllm.utils.torch_utils import (
    PIN_MEMORY,
    async_tensor_h2d,
    current_stream,
-    get_dtype_size,
    is_quantized_kv_cache,
    kv_cache_dtype_str_to_dtype,
 )
@@ -7381,27 +7380,15 @@ class GPUModelRunner(
                elif isinstance(kv_cache_spec, MambaSpec):
                    has_mamba = True
                    raw_tensor = kv_cache_raw_tensors[layer_name]
-                    state_tensors = []
-                    storage_offset_bytes = 0
-                    for shape, dtype in zip(kv_cache_spec.shapes, kv_cache_spec.dtypes):
-                        dtype_size = get_dtype_size(dtype)
-                        num_element_per_page = (
-                            kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes // dtype_size
-                        )
-                        target_shape = (num_blocks, *shape)
-                        stride = torch.empty(target_shape).stride()
-                        target_stride = (num_element_per_page, *stride[1:])
-                        assert storage_offset_bytes % dtype_size == 0
-                        tensor = torch.as_strided(
-                            raw_tensor.view(dtype),
-                            size=target_shape,
-                            stride=target_stride,
-                            storage_offset=storage_offset_bytes // dtype_size,
-                        )
-                        state_tensors.append(tensor)
-                        storage_offset_bytes += stride[0] * dtype_size
-
-                    kv_caches[layer_name] = state_tensors
+                    page_size_bytes = kv_cache_spec.page_size_bytes
+                    # Hold a single contiguous [num_blocks, 1, 1, page_size_bytes]
+                    # int8 page view per layer; the layer's bind_kv_cache unpacks
+                    # each block's bytes into its conv/ssm state views. Keeping
+                    # one tensor per layer lets the KV connector register it
+                    # without special-casing Mamba.
+                    kv_caches[layer_name] = raw_tensor[
+                        : num_blocks * page_size_bytes
+                    ].view(num_blocks, 1, 1, page_size_bytes)
                else:
                    raise NotImplementedError

@@ -533,9 +533,12 @@ def bind_kv_cache(
        for layer_name in layer_names:
            runner_kv_caches.append(kv_caches[layer_name])

-    # Bind kv_caches to forward context
+    # Bind kv_caches to forward context. Each layer's bind_kv_cache unpacks
+    # its raw allocation into the per-layer view(s) it needs (e.g. Mamba
+    # splits conv/ssm), so the kv_caches dict can hold a single tensor per
+    # layer for the KV connector to register.
    for layer_name, kv_cache in kv_caches.items():
-        forward_context[layer_name].kv_cache = kv_cache
+        forward_context[layer_name].bind_kv_cache(kv_cache)


 def copy_kv_cache_blocks_inplace(
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Bugen ZhaoandOpenAI Codex	e1a763558c	[CI] Discover Rust coverage artifacts from build metadata Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <codex@openai.com>	2026-07-23 06:44:16 +00:00
Bugen ZhaoandOpenAI Codex	84aeec9f22	[CI] Simplify Rust coverage reporting Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <codex@openai.com>	2026-07-22 08:18:14 +00:00
Bugen ZhaoandOpenAI Codex	82a770ddbd	[CI] Simplify Rust coverage aggregation Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <codex@openai.com>	2026-07-22 02:58:45 +00:00
Bugen Zhao	a09a9bace1	[CI] Disable redundant Codecov file fixes	2026-07-21 13:57:38 +00:00
Bugen Zhao	6c20d467a2	[CI] Run Codecov from repository root	2026-07-21 13:34:22 +00:00
Bugen ZhaoandOpenAI Codex	cb59d0a351	[CI] Collect Rust coverage in Buildkite Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <codex@openai.com>	2026-07-21 13:01:56 +00:00
Bugen ZhaoandOpenAI Codex	0ab1bded36	[CI] Instrument Rust artifacts for coverage Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <codex@openai.com>	2026-07-21 12:22:25 +00:00
Umut PolatandGitHub	040cbf95cc	[Misc] Use VLLMValidationError in chat completion tool and batch validators (#49214 ) Signed-off-by: Umut Polat <52835619+umut-polat@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-07-21 11:38:20 +00:00
Sya GitHubLi, Jiang <jiang1.li@intel.com>	5b3762a7f0	[Bugfix][CPU] Fix Clang OpenMP build on macOS (#49021 ) Signed-off-by: markyangcc <mmdou3@163.com> Co-authored-by: Li, Jiang <jiang1.li@intel.com>	2026-07-21 09:58:52 +00:00
bastefaniakandGitHub	4d30c510ce	[bugfix] Fix Cosmos3 Edge checkpoint weights filtering, video loading, prompt expansion (#49190 ) Signed-off-by: Bartosz Stefaniak <bstefaniak@nvidia.com>	2026-07-21 17:18:36 +08:00
Lucas Wilkinson GitHub Claude OpenAI Codex	6700813f86	[3/N][KV-Cache Layout Refactor] Standardize Mamba cache; drop `get_transfer_cache_regions` (#44456 ) Signed-off-by: Lucas Wilkinson <lwilkins@redhat.com> Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com> Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <codex@openai.com>	2026-07-21 09:16:15 +00:00
Bugen ZhaoandGitHub	eb44b3aaa4	[Rust][Benchmark] Use async HTTP clients (#49295 ) Signed-off-by: Bugen Zhao <i@bugenzhao.com>	2026-07-21 16:53:57 +08:00
Nicolò LucchesiandGitHub	7a98c7a392	[Misc] Remove old now unsupported `max_num_partial_prefills` and `max_long_partial_prefills` (#49244 ) Signed-off-by: NickLucche <nicolo.lucchesi@mistral.ai>	2026-07-21 08:52:52 +00:00
Lena OnyshchenkoandGitHub	0d9e60619b	[Misc][Docs] Fix XPU compute-runtime driver link version mismatch (#49299 ) Signed-off-by: oonyshch <xonyshch@gmail.com>	2026-07-21 08:45:41 +00:00
vllm-agent GitHub vllm-agent	1134545b6f	Revert "[Sampler] Stop upcasting logits to fp32 in apply_sampling_params" (#48641 ) (#49033 ) Co-authored-by: vllm-agent <vllm-agent@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-07-21 09:36:45 +01:00
Miłosz Grunwald GitHubmergify[bot] <37929162+mergify[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>Harry Mellor	3e0c887511	[Bugfix] Fix Ovis2_5 special tokens for transformers v5 (#47298 ) Signed-off-by: mgrunwal <milosz.grunwald@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Harry Mellor <19981378+hmellor@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: mergify[bot] <37929162+mergify[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Harry Mellor <19981378+hmellor@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-07-21 08:09:20 +00:00
Stefan KaestleandGitHub	adfbbc1005	Propagate Flash Attention cache configuration to Ray workers (#49177 ) Signed-off-by: Stefan Kaestle <skaestle@nvidia.com>	2026-07-21 07:47:53 +00:00
Roy WangandGitHub	adc98f04d0	[Misc] Add @esmeetu to codeowners for rust/src/bench (#49298 ) Signed-off-by: esmeetu <jasonailu87@gmail.com>	2026-07-21 07:44:24 +00:00
Alex Yuan GitHub Claude Opus 4.8	8def3cdde2	[Bugfix] Propagate quant_config to LFM2 ShortConv projections (#48917 ) Signed-off-by: Alex Yuan <alex.yuan@liquid.ai> Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>	2026-07-21 06:51:55 +00:00
Guan-Ming Chiu GitHub Cyrus Leung	616c9bd0f4	[Frontend] Support additional sampling parameters for translation API (#45839 ) Signed-off-by: Guan-Ming (Wesley) Chiu <105915352+guan404ming@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Cyrus Leung <tlleungac@connect.ust.hk>	2026-07-21 05:53:56 +00:00
Bugen ZhaoandGitHub	8688a06d67	[Rust][Benchmark] Use `tracing` for logs (#48937 ) Signed-off-by: Bugen Zhao <i@bugenzhao.com>	2026-07-21 05:18:13 +00:00
Salt Sato GitHubmergify[bot] <37929162+mergify[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	f25953cc59	[Bugfix][Rust Frontend] Handle zero-column logprobs payloads without panicking (#49113 ) Co-authored-by: mergify[bot] <37929162+mergify[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Signed-off-by: Feathbow <feathbow@gmail.com>	2026-07-21 04:30:29 +00:00
aoshen02 GitHub aoshen02 Codex	d9aa35161d	Update BGE-M3 token expectations for leading spaces (#49269 ) Signed-off-by: aoshen02 <aoshen02@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: aoshen02 <aoshen02@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Codex <noreply@openai.com>	2026-07-21 03:49:17 +00:00
Andreas Karatzas GitHub OpenAI Codex	6bcda970fd	[CI][NIXL] Isolate concurrent engine internal ports (#49129 ) Signed-off-by: Andreas Karatzas <Andreas.Karatzas@amd.com> Co-authored-by: OpenAI Codex <noreply@openai.com>	2026-07-20 22:28:11 -05:00
Isotr0pyandGitHub	ea0e9c8f2e	[MRV2] Add encoder cache profiling implementation (#47985 ) Signed-off-by: Isotr0py <Isotr0py@outlook.com>	2026-07-20 20:18:14 -07:00
ChaunceyandGitHub	94ed0bf4e0	[Bugfix][KV Offloading] Handle queued request aborts without allocated KV blocks (#49146 ) Signed-off-by: chaunceyjiang <chaunceyjiang@gmail.com>	2026-07-21 11:16:26 +08:00
Connor Carpenter GitHubmergify[bot] <37929162+mergify[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	1940c8441e	[Rust Frontend][gRPC] Add engine-aware health reporting (#48992 ) Co-authored-by: mergify[bot] <37929162+mergify[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Signed-off-by: Connor Carpenter <connorc@nvidia.com>	2026-07-21 10:54:39 +08:00
Simon MoandGitHub	72d16aee15	[CI] Exercise FA3 FP8 attention on SM90 (#49231 ) Signed-off-by: Simon Mo <simon@inferact.ai>	2026-07-21 10:26:55 +08:00
Kunshang JiandGitHub	e78a0c8e59	[XPU][Doc] Update XPU docker image documents (#49148 ) Signed-off-by: Kunshang Ji <kunshang.ji@intel.com>	2026-07-21 10:11:27 +08:00